Abstract
The dark matter may consist not of one elementary particle but of different species, each of them contributing a fraction of the observed dark matter density. A major theoretical difficulty with this scenario — dubbed multi-component dark matter — is to explain the stability of these distinct particles. Imposing a single ZN symmetry, which may be a remnant of a spontaneously broken U(1) gauge symmetry, seems to be the simplest way to simultaneously stabilize several dark matter particles. In this paper we systematically study scenarios for multi-component dark matter based on various ZN symmetries (N ≤ 10) and with different sets of scalar fields charged under it. A generic feature of these scenarios is that the number of stable particles is not determined by the Lagrangian but depends on the relations among the masses of the different fields charged under the ZN symmetry. We explicitly obtain and illustrate the regions of parameter space that are consistent with up to five dark matter particles. For N odd, all these particles turn out to be complex, whereas for N even one of them may be real. Within this framework, many new models for multi-component dark matter can be implemented.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Planck collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, arXiv:1807.06209 [INSPIRE].
J.L. Feng, Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48 (2010) 495 [arXiv:1003.0904] [INSPIRE].
C. Boehm, P. Fayet and J. Silk, Light and heavy dark matter particles, Phys. Rev. D 69 (2004) 101302 [hep-ph/0311143] [INSPIRE].
E. Ma, Supersymmetric Model of Radiative Seesaw Majorana Neutrino Masses, Annales Fond. Broglie 31 (2006) 285 [hep-ph/0607142] [INSPIRE].
Q.-H. Cao, E. Ma, J. Wudka and C.P. Yuan, Multipartite dark matter, arXiv:0711.3881 [INSPIRE].
T. Hur, H.-S. Lee and S. Nasri, A Supersymmetric U(1)′ model with multiple dark matters, Phys. Rev. D 77 (2008) 015008 [arXiv:0710.2653] [INSPIRE].
H.-S. Lee, Lightest U-parity Particle (LUP) dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 663 (2008) 255 [arXiv:0802.0506] [INSPIRE].
K.M. Zurek, Multi-Component Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 115002 [arXiv:0811.4429] [INSPIRE].
S. Profumo, K. Sigurdson and L. Ubaldi, Can we discover multi-component WIMP dark matter?, JCAP 12 (2009) 016 [arXiv:0907.4374] [INSPIRE].
H. Baer, A. Lessa, S. Rajagopalan and W. Sreethawong, Mixed axion/neutralino cold dark matter in supersymmetric models, JCAP 06 (2011) 031 [arXiv:1103.5413] [INSPIRE].
M. Aoki, M. Duerr, J. Kubo and H. Takano, Multi-Component Dark Matter Systems and Their Observation Prospects, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 076015 [arXiv:1207.3318] [INSPIRE].
G. Bélanger, F. Boudjema, A. Pukhov and A. Semenov, MicrOMEGAs4.1: two dark matter candidates, Comput. Phys. Commun. 192 (2015) 322 [arXiv:1407.6129] [INSPIRE].
S. Esch, M. Klasen and C.E. Yaguna, A minimal model for two-component dark matter, JHEP 09 (2014) 108 [arXiv:1406.0617] [INSPIRE].
W. Rodejohann and C.E. Yaguna, Scalar dark matter in the B − L model, JCAP 12 (2015) 032 [arXiv:1509.04036] [INSPIRE].
G. Arcadi, C. Gross, O. Lebedev, Y. Mambrini, S. Pokorski and T. Toma, Multicomponent Dark Matter from Gauge Symmetry, JHEP 12 (2016) 081 [arXiv:1611.00365] [INSPIRE].
A. Ahmed, M. Duch, B. Grzadkowski and M. Iglicki, Multi-Component Dark Matter: the vector and fermion case, Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 905 [arXiv:1710.01853] [INSPIRE].
B. Batell, Dark Discrete Gauge Symmetries, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 035006 [arXiv:1007.0045] [INSPIRE].
G. Bélanger, K. Kannike, A. Pukhov and M. Raidal, Minimal semi-annihilating ℤN scalar dark matter, JCAP 06 (2014) 021 [arXiv:1403.4960] [INSPIRE].
L.M. Krauss and F. Wilczek, Discrete Gauge Symmetry in Continuum Theories, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 (1989) 1221 [INSPIRE].
S.P. Martin, Some simple criteria for gauged R-parity, Phys. Rev. D 46 (1992) R2769 [hep-ph/9207218] [INSPIRE].
D.G.E. Walker, Dark Matter Stabilization Symmetries from Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, arXiv:0907.3146 [INSPIRE].
F.S. Queiroz, W. Rodejohann and C.E. Yaguna, Is the dark matter particle its own antiparticle?, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 095010 [arXiv:1610.06581] [INSPIRE].
B.J. Kavanagh, F.S. Queiroz, W. Rodejohann and C.E. Yaguna, Prospects for determining the particle/antiparticle nature of WIMP dark matter with direct detection experiments, JHEP 10 (2017) 059 [arXiv:1706.07819] [INSPIRE].
J. Edsjo and P. Gondolo, Neutralino relic density including coannihilations, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 1879 [hep-ph/9704361] [INSPIRE].
J. McDonald, Gauge singlet scalars as cold dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994) 3637 [hep-ph/0702143] [INSPIRE].
J.M. Cline, K. Kainulainen, P. Scott and C. Weniger, Update on scalar singlet dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 055025 [Erratum ibid. D 92 (2015) 039906] [arXiv:1306.4710] [INSPIRE].
GAMBIT collaboration, Status of the scalar singlet dark matter model, Eur. Phys. J. C 77 (2017) 568 [arXiv:1705.07931] [INSPIRE].
Z.-P. Liu, Y.-L. Wu and Y.-F. Zhou, Enhancement of dark matter relic density from the late time dark matter conversions, Eur. Phys. J. C 71 (2011) 1749 [arXiv:1101.4148] [INSPIRE].
A. Adulpravitchai, B. Batell and J. Pradler, Non-Abelian Discrete Dark Matter, Phys. Lett. B 700 (2011) 207 [arXiv:1103.3053] [INSPIRE].
G. Bélanger and J.-C. Park, Assisted freeze-out, JCAP 03 (2012) 038 [arXiv:1112.4491] [INSPIRE].
Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker, Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 171301 [arXiv:1402.5143] [INSPIRE].
T. Hambye, Hidden vector dark matter, JHEP 01 (2009) 028 [arXiv:0811.0172] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo and J. Thaler, Semi-annihilation of Dark Matter, JHEP 06 (2010) 109 [arXiv:1003.5912] [INSPIRE].
G. Bélanger, K. Kannike, A. Pukhov and M. Raidal, Impact of semi-annihilations on dark matter phenomenology — an example of ZN symmetric scalar dark matter, JCAP 04 (2012) 010 [arXiv:1202.2962] [INSPIRE].
G. Steigman, B. Dasgupta and J.F. Beacom, Precise Relic WIMP Abundance and its Impact on Searches for Dark Matter Annihilation, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 023506 [arXiv:1204.3622] [INSPIRE].
J.A. Casas, D.G. Cerdeño, J.M. Moreno and J. Quilis, Reopening the Higgs portal for single scalar dark matter, JHEP 05 (2017) 036 [arXiv:1701.08134] [INSPIRE].
J. Herms and A. Ibarra, Probing multicomponent FIMP scenarios with gamma-ray telescopes, JCAP 03 (2020) 026 [arXiv:1912.09458] [INSPIRE].
A. Ghosh, A. Ibarra, T. Mondal and B. Mukhopadhyaya, Gamma-ray signals from multicomponent scalar dark matter decays, JCAP 01 (2020) 011 [arXiv:1909.13292] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo, M. McCullough and J. Thaler, Multiple Gamma Lines from Semi-Annihilation, JCAP 04 (2013) 030 [arXiv:1210.7817] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for invisible decays of a Higgs boson produced through vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s} \) = 13 TeV, Phys. Lett. B 793 (2019) 520 [arXiv:1809.05937] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Combination of searches for invisible Higgs boson decays with the ATLAS experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (2019) 231801 [arXiv:1904.05105] [INSPIRE].
L.J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, Freeze-In Production of FIMP Dark Matter, JHEP 03 (2010) 080 [arXiv:0911.1120] [INSPIRE].
N. Bernal, M. Heikinheimo, T. Tenkanen, K. Tuominen and V. Vaskonen, The Dawn of FIMP Dark Matter: A Review of Models and Constraints, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 32 (2017) 1730023 [arXiv:1706.07442] [INSPIRE].
M. Klasen and C.E. Yaguna, Warm and cold fermionic dark matter via freeze-in, JCAP 11 (2013) 039 [arXiv:1309.2777] [INSPIRE].
E. Molinaro, C.E. Yaguna and Ó. Zapata, FIMP realization of the scotogenic model, JCAP 07 (2014) 015 [arXiv:1405.1259] [INSPIRE].
C.E. Yaguna, The Singlet Scalar as FIMP Dark Matter, JHEP 08 (2011) 060 [arXiv:1105.1654] [INSPIRE].
B. Petersen, M. Ratz and R. Schieren, Patterns of remnant discrete symmetries, JHEP 08 (2009) 111 [arXiv:0907.4049] [INSPIRE].
A. Merle and R. Zwicky, Explicit and spontaneous breaking of SU(3) into its finite subgroups, JHEP 02 (2012) 128 [arXiv:1110.4891] [INSPIRE].
P. Langacker, The Physics of Heavy Z′ Gauge Bosons, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 (2009) 1199 [arXiv:0801.1345] [INSPIRE].
M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo and A. Strumia, Minimal dark matter, Nucl. Phys. B 753 (2006) 178 [hep-ph/0512090] [INSPIRE].
I.P. Ivanov and V. Keus, Zp scalar dark matter from multi-Higgs-doublet models, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 016004 [arXiv:1203.3426] [INSPIRE].
N. Bernal, C. Garcia-Cely and R. Rosenfeld, WIMP and SIMP Dark Matter from the Spontaneous Breaking of a Global Group, JCAP 04 (2015) 012 [arXiv:1501.01973] [INSPIRE].
S.-M. Choi and H.M. Lee, SIMP dark matter with gauged Z3 symmetry, JHEP 09 (2015) 063 [arXiv:1505.00960] [INSPIRE].
J. Heeck and H. Zhang, Exotic Charges, Multicomponent Dark Matter and Light Sterile Neutrinos, JHEP 05 (2013) 164 [arXiv:1211.0538] [INSPIRE].
N. Bernal, D. Restrepo, C. Yaguna and Ó. Zapata, Two-component dark matter and a massless neutrino in a new B − L model, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 015038 [arXiv:1808.03352] [INSPIRE].
D. Aristizabal Sierra, M. Dhen, C.S. Fong and A. Vicente, Dynamical flavor origin of ℤN symmetries, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 096004 [arXiv:1412.5600] [INSPIRE].
C.D.R. Carvajal and Ó. Zapata, One-loop Dirac neutrino mass and mixed axion-WIMP dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 075009 [arXiv:1812.06364] [INSPIRE].
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1911.05515
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Yaguna, C.E., Zapata, Ó. Multi-component scalar dark matter from a ZN symmetry: a systematic analysis. J. High Energ. Phys. 2020, 109 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)109
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)109