Abstract
We investigate the phenomenology of a non-thermal dark matter (DM) candidate in the context of flavor models that explain the hierarchy in the masses and mixings of quarks and leptons via the Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism. A flavor-dependent U(1)FN symmetry explains the fermion mass and mixing hierarchy, and also provides a mechanism for suppressed interactions of the DM, assumed to be a Majorana fermion, with the Standard Model (SM) particles, resulting in its FIMP (feebly interacting massive particle) character. Such feeble interactions are mediated by a flavon field through higher dimensional operators governed by the U(1)FN charges. We point out a natural stabilizing mechanism for the DM within this framework with the choice of half-integer U(1)FN charge n for the DM fermion, along with integer charges for the SM fermions and the flavon field. In this flavon portal scenario, the DM is non-thermally produced from the decay of the flavon in the early universe which becomes a relic through the freeze-in mechanism. We explore the allowed parameter space for this DM candidate from relic abundance by solving the relevant Boltzmann equations. We find that reproducing the correct relic density requires the DM mass to be in the range (100 − 300) keV for n = 7.5 and (3 − 10) MeV for n = 8.5 where n is the U(1)FN charge of the DM fermion.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
CMS collaboration, Observation of a New Boson at a Mass of 125 GeV with the CMS Experiment at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 716 (2012) 30 [arXiv:1207.7235] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 716 (2012) 1 [arXiv:1207.7214] [INSPIRE].
C.D. Froggatt and H.B. Nielsen, Hierarchy of Quark Masses, Cabibbo Angles and CP Violation, Nucl. Phys. B 147 (1979) 277 [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu, TASI Lectures on Flavor Physics, in the proceedings of the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics: The Dawn of the LHC Era, Boulder U.S.A., June 2–27 (2008), p. 49–123 [https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812838360_0002] [arXiv:0910.2948] [INSPIRE].
F. Feruglio, Pieces of the Flavour Puzzle, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 373 [arXiv:1503.04071] [INSPIRE].
Z.-Z. Xing, Flavor structures of charged fermions and massive neutrinos, Phys. Rept. 854 (2020) 1 [arXiv:1909.09610] [INSPIRE].
V.C. Rubin and W.K. Ford Jr., Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions, Astrophys. J. 159 (1970) 379 [INSPIRE].
WMAP collaboration, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) three year results: implications for cosmology, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 (2007) 377 [astro-ph/0603449] [INSPIRE].
W. Hu and S. Dodelson, Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 40 (2002) 171 [astro-ph/0110414] [INSPIRE].
G. Bertone, D. Hooper and J. Silk, Particle dark matter: Evidence, candidates and constraints, Phys. Rept. 405 (2005) 279 [hep-ph/0404175] [INSPIRE].
Planck collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641 (2020) A6 [Erratum ibid. 652 (2021) C4] [arXiv:1807.06209] [INSPIRE].
L. Roszkowski, E.M. Sessolo and S. Trojanowski, WIMP dark matter candidates and searches-current status and future prospects, Rept. Prog. Phys. 81 (2018) 066201 [arXiv:1707.06277] [INSPIRE].
S. Dimopoulos, D. Eichler, R. Esmailzadeh and G.D. Starkman, Getting a Charge Out of Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 41 (1990) 2388 [INSPIRE].
Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker, Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 171301 [arXiv:1402.5143] [INSPIRE].
L.J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, Freeze-In Production of FIMP Dark Matter, JHEP 03 (2010) 080 [arXiv:0911.1120] [INSPIRE].
LUX collaboration, Results from a search for dark matter in the complete LUX exposure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (2017) 021303 [arXiv:1608.07648] [INSPIRE].
XENON collaboration, Dark Matter Search Results from a One Ton-Year Exposure of XENON1T, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 111302 [arXiv:1805.12562] [INSPIRE].
PandaX-II collaboration, Dark Matter Results from First 98.7 Days of Data from the PandaX-II Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (2016) 121303 [arXiv:1607.07400] [INSPIRE].
P. Agrawal, S. Blanchet, Z. Chacko and C. Kilic, Flavored Dark Matter, and Its Implications for Direct Detection and Colliders, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 055002 [arXiv:1109.3516] [INSPIRE].
J. Kile, Flavored Dark Matter: A Review, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 28 (2013) 1330031 [arXiv:1308.0584] [INSPIRE].
F. Bishara et al., Dark Matter and Gauged Flavor Symmetries, JHEP 12 (2015) 130 [arXiv:1505.03862] [INSPIRE].
L. Calibbi, A. Crivellin and B. Zaldívar, Flavor portal to dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 016004 [arXiv:1501.07268] [INSPIRE].
C. Alvarado, F. Elahi and N. Raj, Thermal dark matter via the flavon portal, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 075002 [arXiv:1706.03081] [INSPIRE].
A. Cheek, J.K. Osiński, L. Roszkowski and S. Trojanowski, Dark matter production through a non-thermal flavon portal, JHEP 03 (2023) 149 [arXiv:2211.02057] [INSPIRE].
N. Bernal et al., The Dawn of FIMP Dark Matter: A Review of Models and Constraints, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 32 (2017) 1730023 [arXiv:1706.07442] [INSPIRE].
E. Molinaro, C.E. Yaguna and O. Zapata, FIMP realization of the scotogenic model, JCAP 07 (2014) 015 [arXiv:1405.1259] [INSPIRE].
Z. Kang, Upgrading sterile neutrino dark matter to FImP using scale invariance, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 471 [arXiv:1411.2773] [INSPIRE].
A.G. Hessler, A. Ibarra, E. Molinaro and S. Vogl, Probing the scotogenic FIMP at the LHC, JHEP 01 (2017) 100 [arXiv:1611.09540] [INSPIRE].
A. Biswas, S. Choubey and S. Khan, FIMP and Muon (g – 2) in a \( \textrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu}\hbox{--} {L}_{\tau }} \) Model, JHEP 02 (2017) 123 [arXiv:1612.03067] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo and A. Lenoci, Lower mass bounds on FIMP dark matter produced via freeze-in, JCAP 10 (2021) 045 [arXiv:2012.01446] [INSPIRE].
X. Liu, S.-Y. Guo, B. Zhu and Y. Li, Correlating Gravitational Waves with W-boson Mass, FIMP Dark Matter, and Majorana Seesaw Mechanism, Sci. Bull. 67 (2022) 1437 [arXiv:2204.04834] [INSPIRE].
L. Coito, C. Faubel, J. Herrero-Garcia and A. Santamaria, Dark matter from a complex scalar singlet: the role of dark CP and other discrete symmetries, JHEP 11 (2021) 202 [arXiv:2106.05289] [INSPIRE].
A. de Gouvêa and D. Hernández, New Chiral Fermions, a New Gauge Interaction, Dirac Neutrinos, and Dark Matter, JHEP 10 (2015) 046 [arXiv:1507.00916] [INSPIRE].
P.S. Bhupal Dev, R.N. Mohapatra and Y. Zhang, Naturally stable right-handed neutrino dark matter, JHEP 11 (2016) 077 [arXiv:1608.06266] [INSPIRE].
J.M. Berryman, A. de Gouvêa, K.J. Kelly and Y. Zhang, Dark Matter and Neutrino Mass from the Smallest Non-Abelian Chiral Dark Sector, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 075010 [arXiv:1706.02722] [INSPIRE].
T. Abe and K.S. Babu, Simple Theory of Chiral Fermion Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 015031 [arXiv:1912.11332] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu, T. Enkhbat and I. Gogoladze, Anomalous U(1) symmetry and lepton flavor violation, Nucl. Phys. B 678 (2004) 233 [hep-ph/0308093] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu and S.M. Barr, Large neutrino mixing angles in unified theories, Phys. Lett. B 381 (1996) 202 [hep-ph/9511446] [INSPIRE].
J. Sato and T. Yanagida, Large lepton mixing in a coset space family unification on E(7)/SU(5) × U(1)3, Phys. Lett. B 430 (1998) 127 [hep-ph/9710516] [INSPIRE].
N. Irges, S. Lavignac and P. Ramond, Predictions from an anomalous U(1) model of Yukawa hierarchies, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 035003 [hep-ph/9802334] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu and T. Enkhbat, Fermion mass hierarchy and electric dipole moments, Nucl. Phys. B 708 (2005) 511 [hep-ph/0406003] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu, A. Khanov and S. Saad, Anarchy with Hierarchy: A Probabilistic Appraisal, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 055014 [arXiv:1612.07787] [INSPIRE].
Z.-Z. Xing, H. Zhang and S. Zhou, Updated Values of Running Quark and Lepton Masses, Phys. Rev. D 77 (2008) 113016 [arXiv:0712.1419] [INSPIRE].
C.R. Das and M.K. Parida, New formulas and predictions for running fermion masses at higher scales in SM, 2 HDM, and MSSM, Eur. Phys. J. C 20 (2001) 121 [hep-ph/0010004] [INSPIRE].
M. Bauer, T. Schell and T. Plehn, Hunting the Flavon, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 056003 [arXiv:1603.06950] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu and S. Jana, Enhanced Di-Higgs Production in the Two Higgs Doublet Model, JHEP 02 (2019) 193 [arXiv:1812.11943] [INSPIRE].
M. Bauer, S. Casagrande, U. Haisch and M. Neubert, Flavor Physics in the Randall-Sundrum Model: II. Tree-Level Weak-Interaction Processes, JHEP 09 (2010) 017 [arXiv:0912.1625] [INSPIRE].
Y. Kuno and Y. Okada, Muon decay and physics beyond the standard model, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 (2001) 151 [hep-ph/9909265] [INSPIRE].
M.-C. Chen, D.R.T. Jones, A. Rajaraman and H.-B. Yu, Fermion Mass Hierarchy and Proton Stability from Non-anomalous U(1)F in SUSY SU(5), Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 015019 [arXiv:0801.0248] [INSPIRE].
Z. Tavartkiladze, New Flavor U(1)F Symmetry for SUSY SU(5), Phys. Lett. B 706 (2012) 398 [arXiv:1109.2642] [INSPIRE].
M.B. Green and J.H. Schwarz, Anomaly Cancellation in Supersymmetric D = 10 Gauge Theory and Superstring Theory, Phys. Lett. B 149 (1984) 117 [INSPIRE].
L.E. Ibanez and G.G. Ross, Fermion masses and mixing angles from gauge symmetries, Phys. Lett. B 332 (1994) 100 [hep-ph/9403338] [INSPIRE].
P. Binetruy and P. Ramond, Yukawa textures and anomalies, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995) 49 [hep-ph/9412385] [INSPIRE].
J. Chakrabortty, P. Konar and T. Mondal, Copositive Criteria and Boundedness of the Scalar Potential, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 095008 [arXiv:1311.5666] [INSPIRE].
J. Horejsi and M. Kladiva, Tree-unitarity bounds for THDM Higgs masses revisited, Eur. Phys. J. C 46 (2006) 81 [hep-ph/0510154] [INSPIRE].
S. Bhattacharya, P. Ghosh, T.N. Maity and T.S. Ray, Mitigating Direct Detection Bounds in Non-minimal Higgs Portal Scalar Dark Matter Models, JHEP 10 (2017) 088 [arXiv:1706.04699] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Constraints on new phenomena via Higgs boson couplings and invisible decays with the ATLAS detector, JHEP 11 (2015) 206 [arXiv:1509.00672] [INSPIRE].
T. Robens and T. Stefaniak, LHC Benchmark Scenarios for the Real Higgs Singlet Extension of the Standard Model, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 268 [arXiv:1601.07880] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS and CMS collaborations, Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and constraints on its couplings from a combined ATLAS and CMS analysis of the LHC pp collision data at \( \sqrt{s} \) = 7 and 8 TeV, JHEP 08 (2016) 045 [arXiv:1606.02266] [INSPIRE].
D. López-Val and T. Robens, ∆r and the W-boson mass in the singlet extension of the standard model, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 114018 [arXiv:1406.1043] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for invisible Higgs boson decays with vector boson fusion signatures with the ATLAS detector using an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1, ATLAS-CONF-2020-008 (2020) [INSPIRE].
Q. Decant, J. Heisig, D.C. Hooper and L. Lopez-Honorez, Lyman-α constraints on freeze-in and superWIMPs, JCAP 03 (2022) 041 [arXiv:2111.09321] [INSPIRE].
A. Kamada and K. Yanagi, Constraining FIMP from the structure formation of the Universe: analytic mapping from mW DM , JCAP 11 (2019) 029 [arXiv:1907.04558] [INSPIRE].
M. Drewes et al., A White Paper on keV Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter, JCAP 01 (2017) 025 [arXiv:1602.04816] [INSPIRE].
A. Ghosh and S. Mukhopadhyay, Momentum distribution of dark matter produced in inflaton decay: Effect of inflaton mediated scatterings, Phys. Rev. D 106 (2022) 043519 [arXiv:2205.03440] [INSPIRE].
P.S. Bhupal Dev, A. Mazumdar and S. Qutub, Constraining Non-thermal and Thermal properties of Dark Matter, Front. in Phys. 2 (2014) 26 [arXiv:1311.5297] [INSPIRE].
A. Biswas, D. Borah, N. Das and D. Nanda, Freeze-in dark matter via a light Dirac neutrino portal, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 015015 [arXiv:2205.01144] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu, S. Chakdar, N. Das, D.K. Ghosh and P. Ghosh, Lyman-α constraints on flavon mediated non-thermal Dark Matter work in Progress.
B. Barman, D. Borah and R. Roshan, Effective Theory of Freeze-in Dark Matter, JCAP 11 (2020) 021 [arXiv:2007.08768] [INSPIRE].
Acknowledgments
ND, DKG and PG would like to thank Prof. Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay and Deep Ghosh for useful discussion. SC would like to thank IACS for local hospitality where this work was initiated. The work of SC is supported by the College of Holy Cross Bachelor Ford Summer fellowship ’21-’22. The work of KSB is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant number DE-SC0016013. ND is funded by CSIR, Government of India, under the NET SRF fellowship scheme with Award file No.09/080(1187)/2021-EMR-I.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2305.03167
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Babu, K.S., Chakdar, S., Das, N. et al. FIMP dark matter from flavon portals. J. High Energ. Phys. 2023, 143 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2023)143
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2023)143