Abstract
We analyze a large class of four-dimensional \( \mathcal{N} \) = 1 low-energy realizations of the axiverse satisfying various quantum gravity constraints. We propose a novel upper bound on the ultimate UV cutoff of the effective theory, namely the species scale, which only depends on data available at the two-derivative level. Its dependence on the moduli fields and the number N of axions matches expectations from other independent considerations. After an assessment of the regime of validity of the effective field theory, we investigate the non-perturbative gravitational effects therein. We identify a set of axionic charges supported by extremal and non-extremal wormhole configurations. We present a universal class of analytic wormhole solutions, explore their deformations, and analyze the relation between wormhole energy scales and the species scale. The connection between these wormholes and a special subclass of BPS fundamental instantons is discussed, and an argument in favor of the genericity of certain axion-dependent effective superpotentials is provided. We find a lower bound increasing with N ≫ 1 on the Gauss-Bonnet coefficient, resulting in an exponential suppression of non-extremal wormhole effects. Our claims are illustrated and tested in concrete string theory models.
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Acknowledgments
We thank M. Bianchi, V. Cagioni, D. Cassani, L. McAllister, F. Marchesano, J. Moritz, G. Shiu, J. Stout, A. Strominger, C. Vafa, I. Valenzuela, D. van de Heisteeg, T. Van Riet, T. Weigand, and M. Wiesner for useful discussions. LM thanks the Jefferson Physical Laboratory of Harvard University, and the members of the Harvard Swampland Initiative for hospitality during the final stage of this work. This work was supported in part by the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023-2027 “Quantum Frontiers”, by the MUR-PRIN contract 2022YZ5BA2 - Effective Quantum Gravity, and by the MIUR-PRIN contract 2017CC72MK003. AV acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) for funding through the Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship “Flavor Physics at the High Energy Frontier” project number 186866. The work of LV was partly supported by the Italian MIUR under contract 202289JEW4 (Flavors: dark and intense), the Iniziativa Specifica “Physics at the Energy, Intensity, and Astroparticle Frontiers” (APINE) of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 860881-HIDDeN.
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Martucci, L., Risso, N., Valenti, A. et al. Wormholes in the axiverse, and the species scale. J. High Energ. Phys. 2024, 240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2024)240
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2024)240