Abstract
We propose a systematic programme to search for long-lived neutral particle signatures through a minimal set of displaced searches (dMETs). Our approach is to extend the well-established dark matter simplified models to include displaced vertices. The dark matter simplified models are used to describe the primary production vertex. A displaced secondary vertex, characterised by the mass of the long-lived particle and its lifetime, is added for the displaced signature. We show how these models can be motivated by, and mapped onto, complete models such as gauge-mediated SUSY breaking and models of neutral naturalness. We also outline how this approach may be used to extend other simplified models to incorporate displaced signatures and to characterise searches for long-lived charged particles. Displaced vertices are a striking signature which is often virtually background free, and thus provide an excellent target for the high-luminosity run of the Large Hadron Collider. The proposed models and searches provide a first step towards a systematic broadening of the displaced dark matter search programme.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
M.J. Strassler and K.M. Zurek, Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders, Phys. Lett. B 651 (2007) 374 [hep-ph/0604261] [INSPIRE].
M. Fairbairn et al., Stable massive particles at colliders, Phys. Rept. 438 (2007) 1 [hep-ph/0611040] [INSPIRE].
M. Pospelov, A. Ritz and M.B. Voloshin, Secluded WIMP dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 662 (2008) 53 [arXiv:0711.4866] [INSPIRE].
M.J. Strassler and K.M. Zurek, Discovering the Higgs through highly-displaced vertices, Phys. Lett. B 661 (2008) 263 [hep-ph/0605193] [INSPIRE].
C. Cheung, J.T. Ruderman, L.-T. Wang and I. Yavin, Lepton jets in (supersymmetric) electroweak processes, JHEP 04 (2010) 116 [arXiv:0909.0290] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for long-lived neutral particles decaying into lepton jets in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, JHEP 11 (2014) 088 [arXiv:1409.0746] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for displaced muonic lepton jets from light Higgs boson decay in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Lett. B 721 (2013) 32 [arXiv:1210.0435] [INSPIRE].
P. Meade, S. Nussinov, M. Papucci and T. Volansky, Searches for long lived neutral particles, JHEP 06 (2010) 029 [arXiv:0910.4160] [INSPIRE].
A. Falkowski, J.T. Ruderman, T. Volansky and J. Zupan, Hidden Higgs decaying to lepton jets, JHEP 05 (2010) 077 [arXiv:1002.2952] [INSPIRE].
P. Meade, M. Papucci and T. Volansky, Odd tracks at hadron colliders, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (2012) 031801 [arXiv:1103.3016] [INSPIRE].
P. Meade, M. Reece and D. Shih, Long-lived neutralino NLSPs, JHEP 10 (2010) 067 [arXiv:1006.4575] [INSPIRE].
P. Jaiswal, K. Kopp and T. Okui, Higgs production amidst the LHC detector, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 115017 [arXiv:1303.1181] [INSPIRE].
M.R. Buckley, V. Halyo and P. Lujan, Don’t miss the displaced Higgs at the LHC again, arXiv:1405.2082 [INSPIRE].
Y. Cui and B. Shuve, Probing baryogenesis with displaced vertices at the LHC, JHEP 02 (2015) 049 [arXiv:1409.6729] [INSPIRE].
J.C. Helo, M. Hirsch and S. Kovalenko, Heavy neutrino searches at the LHC with displaced vertices, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 073005 [Erratum ibid. D 93 (2016) 099902] [arXiv:1312.2900] [INSPIRE].
P. Schwaller, D. Stolarski and A. Weiler, Emerging jets, JHEP 05 (2015) 059 [arXiv:1502.05409] [INSPIRE].
Z. Liu and B. Tweedie, The fate of long-lived superparticles with hadronic decays after LHC Run 1, JHEP 06 (2015) 042 [arXiv:1503.05923] [INSPIRE].
J.D. Clarke, Constraining portals with displaced Higgs decay searches at the LHC, JHEP 10 (2015) 061 [arXiv:1505.00063] [INSPIRE].
M. Buschmann, J. Kopp, J. Liu and P.A.N. Machado, Lepton jets from radiating dark matter, JHEP 07 (2015) 045 [arXiv:1505.07459] [INSPIRE].
D. Curtin and C.B. Verhaaren, Discovering uncolored naturalness in exotic Higgs decays, JHEP 12 (2015) 072 [arXiv:1506.06141] [INSPIRE].
C. Csáki, E. Kuflik, S. Lombardo and O. Slone, Searching for displaced Higgs boson decays, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 073008 [arXiv:1508.01522] [INSPIRE].
E. Izaguirre, G. Krnjaic and B. Shuve, Discovering inelastic thermal-relic dark matter at colliders, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 063523 [arXiv:1508.03050] [INSPIRE].
A. Coccaro, D. Curtin, H.J. Lubatti, H. Russell and J. Shelton, Data-driven model-independent searches for long-lived particles at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 113003 [arXiv:1605.02742] [INSPIRE].
J.F. Gunion and S. Mrenna, A study of SUSY signatures at the Tevatron in models with near mass degeneracy of the lightest chargino and neutralino, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 015002 [hep-ph/9906270] [INSPIRE].
C.H. Chen, M. Drees and J.F. Gunion, A nonstandard string-SUSY scenario and its phenomenological implications, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 330 [Erratum ibid. D 60 (1999) 039901] [hep-ph/9607421] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Feng, M. Kamionkowski and S.K. Lee, Light gravitinos at colliders and implications for cosmology, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 015012 [arXiv:1004.4213] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for stopped gluinos in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 011801 [arXiv:1011.5861] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for long-lived neutral particles decaying to quark-antiquark pairs in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 012007 [arXiv:1411.6530] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Searches for long-lived charged particles in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) and 8 TeV, JHEP 07 (2013) 122 [arXiv:1305.0491] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for long-lived particles that decay into final states containing two electrons or two muons in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 052012 [arXiv:1411.6977] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for long-lived charged particles in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=13 \) TeV, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 112004 [arXiv:1609.08382] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for heavy long-lived multi-charged particles in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV using the ATLAS detector, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 362 [arXiv:1504.04188] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for long-lived, weakly interacting particles that decay to displaced hadronic jets in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 012010 [arXiv:1504.03634] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for pair-produced long-lived neutral particles decaying in the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV, Phys. Lett. B 743 (2015) 15 [arXiv:1501.04020] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for a light Higgs boson decaying to long-lived weakly-interacting particles in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 251801 [arXiv:1203.1303] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for nonpointing and delayed photons in the diphoton and missing transverse momentum final state in 8 TeV pp collisions at the LHC using the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 112005 [arXiv:1409.5542] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for new physics with long-lived particles decaying to photons and missing energy in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=7 \) TeV, JHEP 11 (2012) 172 [arXiv:1207.0627] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Search for disappearing tracks in proton-proton collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV, JHEP 01 (2015) 096 [arXiv:1411.6006][INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Search for charginos nearly mass degenerate with the lightest neutralino based on a disappearing-track signature in pp collisions at \( \sqrt{s}=8 \) TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 112006 [arXiv:1310.3675] [INSPIRE].
B.C. Allanach et al., Prompt signals and displaced vertices in sparticle searches for next-to-minimal gauge mediated supersymmetric models, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 482 [arXiv:1606.03099] [INSPIRE].
G. Busoni et al., Recommendations on presenting LHC searches for missing transverse energy signals using simplified s-channel models of dark matter, arXiv:1603.04156 [INSPIRE].
D. Abercrombie et al., Dark matter benchmark models for early LHC Run-2 searches: report of the ATLAS/CMS dark matter forum, arXiv:1507.00966 [INSPIRE].
F.J. Petriello, S. Quackenbush and K.M. Zurek, The invisible Z ′ at the CERN LHC, Phys. Rev. D 77 (2008) 115020 [arXiv:0803.4005] [INSPIRE].
Y. Gershtein, F. Petriello, S. Quackenbush and K.M. Zurek, Discovering hidden sectors with monophoton Z ′ searches, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 095002 [arXiv:0809.2849] [INSPIRE].
E. Dudas, Y. Mambrini, S. Pokorski and A. Romagnoni, (In)visible Z ′ and dark matter, JHEP 08 (2009) 014 [arXiv:0904.1745] [INSPIRE].
Y. Bai, P.J. Fox and R. Harnik, The Tevatron at the frontier of dark matter direct detection, JHEP 12 (2010) 048 [arXiv:1005.3797] [INSPIRE].
P.J. Fox, R. Harnik, J. Kopp and Y. Tsai, Missing energy signatures of dark matter at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 056011 [arXiv:1109.4398] [INSPIRE].
J. Goodman and W. Shepherd, LHC bounds on UV-complete models of dark matter, arXiv:1111.2359 [INSPIRE].
H. An, X. Ji and L.-T. Wang, Light dark matter and Z ′ dark force at colliders, JHEP 07 (2012) 182 [arXiv:1202.2894] [INSPIRE].
M.T. Frandsen, F. Kahlhoefer, A. Preston, S. Sarkar and K. Schmidt-Hoberg, LHC and Tevatron bounds on the dark matter direct detection cross-section for vector mediators, JHEP 07 (2012) 123 [arXiv:1204.3839] [INSPIRE].
H. Dreiner, D. Schmeier and J. Tattersall, Contact interactions probe effective dark-matter models at the LHC, Europhys. Lett. 102 (2013) 51001 [arXiv:1303.3348] [INSPIRE].
R.C. Cotta, A. Rajaraman, T.M.P. Tait and A.M. Wijangco, Particle physics implications and constraints on dark matter interpretations of the CDMS signal, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 013020 [arXiv:1305.6609] [INSPIRE].
O. Buchmueller, M.J. Dolan and C. McCabe, Beyond effective field theory for dark matter searches at the LHC, JHEP 01 (2014) 025 [arXiv:1308.6799] [INSPIRE].
M. Abdullah et al., Hidden on-shell mediators for the galactic center γ-ray excess, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 035004 [arXiv:1404.6528] [INSPIRE].
O. Buchmueller, M.J. Dolan, S.A. Malik and C. McCabe, Characterising dark matter searches at colliders and direct detection experiments: vector mediators, JHEP 01 (2015) 037 [arXiv:1407.8257] [INSPIRE].
J. Abdallah et al., Simplified models for dark matter searches at the LHC, Phys. Dark Univ. 9-10 (2015) 8 [arXiv:1506.03116] [INSPIRE].
S.A. Malik et al., Interplay and characterization of dark matter searches at colliders and in direct detection experiments, Phys. Dark Univ. 9-10 (2015) 51 [arXiv:1409.4075] [INSPIRE].
M.R. Buckley, D. Feld and D. Gonçalves, Scalar simplified models for dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 015017 [arXiv:1410.6497] [INSPIRE].
P. Harris, V.V. Khoze, M. Spannowsky and C. Williams, Constraining dark sectors at colliders: beyond the effective theory approach, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 055009 [arXiv:1411.0535] [INSPIRE].
O. Buchmueller, S.A. Malik, C. McCabe and B. Penning, Constraining dark matter interactions with pseudoscalar and scalar mediators using collider searches for multijets plus missing transverse energy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 181802 [arXiv:1505.07826] [INSPIRE].
U. Haisch and E. Re, Simplified dark matter top-quark interactions at the LHC, JHEP 06 (2015) 078 [arXiv:1503.00691] [INSPIRE].
P.J. Fox, R. Harnik, R. Primulando and C.-T. Yu, Taking a razor to dark matter parameter space at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 015010 [arXiv:1203.1662] [INSPIRE].
M. Beltrán, D. Hooper, E.W. Kolb, Z.A.C. Krusberg and T.M.P. Tait, Maverick dark matter at colliders, JHEP 09 (2010) 037 [arXiv:1002.4137] [INSPIRE].
J. Goodman et al., Constraints on light Majorana dark matter from colliders, Phys. Lett. B 695 (2011) 185 [arXiv:1005.1286] [INSPIRE].
J. Goodman et al., Constraints on dark matter from colliders, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 116010 [arXiv:1008.1783] [INSPIRE].
A. Rajaraman, W. Shepherd, T.M.P. Tait and A.M. Wijangco, LHC bounds on interactions of dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011) 095013 [arXiv:1108.1196] [INSPIRE].
I.M. Shoemaker and L. Vecchi, Unitarity and monojet bounds on models for DAMA, CoGeNT and CRESST-II, Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 015023 [arXiv:1112.5457] [INSPIRE].
G. Busoni, A. De Simone, E. Morgante and A. Riotto, On the validity of the effective field theory for dark matter searches at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 728 (2014) 412 [arXiv:1307.2253] [INSPIRE].
G. Busoni, A. De Simone, J. Gramling, E. Morgante and A. Riotto, On the validity of the effective field theory for dark matter searches at the LHC. Part II: Complete analysis for the s-channel, JCAP 06 (2014) 060 [arXiv:1402.1275] [INSPIRE].
G. Busoni, A. De Simone, T. Jacques, E. Morgante and A. Riotto, On the validity of the effective field theory for dark matter searches at the LHC. Part III: Analysis for the t-channel, JCAP 09 (2014) 022 [arXiv:1405.3101] [INSPIRE].
A. Alloul, N.D. Christensen, C. Degrande, C. Duhr and B. Fuks, FeynRules 2.0 — a complete toolbox for tree-level phenomenology, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014) 2250 [arXiv:1310.1921] [INSPIRE].
O. Mattelaer and E. Vryonidou, Dark matter production through loop-induced processes at the LHC: the s-channel mediator case, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 436 [arXiv:1508.00564] [INSPIRE].
M. Backović et al., Higher-order QCD predictions for dark matter production at the LHC in simplified models with s-channel mediators, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 482 [arXiv:1508.05327] [INSPIRE].
C. Degrande et al., UFO — the Universal FeynRules Output, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183 (2012) 1201 [arXiv:1108.2040] [INSPIRE].
J. Alwall et al., The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP 07 (2014) 079 [arXiv:1405.0301] [INSPIRE].
NNPDF collaboration, R.D. Ball et al., Parton distributions for the LHC Run II, JHEP 04 (2015) 040 [arXiv:1410.8849] [INSPIRE].
J. Alwall et al., A standard format for Les Houches event files, Comput. Phys. Commun. 176 (2007) 300 [hep-ph/0609017] [INSPIRE].
T. Sjöstrand, S. Mrenna and P.Z. Skands, A brief introduction to PYTHIA 8.1, Comput. Phys. Commun. 178 (2008) 852 [arXiv:0710.3820] [INSPIRE].
P.Z. Skands et al., SUSY Les Houches accord: interfacing SUSY spectrum calculators, decay packages and event generators, JHEP 07 (2004) 036 [hep-ph/0311123] [INSPIRE].
B.C. Allanach et al., SUSY Les Houches accord 2, Comput. Phys. Commun. 180 (2009) 8 [arXiv:0801.0045] [INSPIRE].
P. Artoisenet, R. Frederix, O. Mattelaer and R. Rietkerk, Automatic spin-entangled decays of heavy resonances in Monte Carlo simulations, JHEP 03 (2013) 015 [arXiv:1212.3460] [INSPIRE].
G.F. Giudice and R. Rattazzi, Theories with gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking, Phys. Rept. 322 (1999) 419 [hep-ph/9801271] [INSPIRE].
B.C. Allanach et al., The Snowmass points and slopes: benchmarks for SUSY searches, Eur. Phys. J. C 25 (2002) 113 [hep-ph/0202233] [INSPIRE].
Z. Chacko, H.-S. Goh and R. Harnik, The twin Higgs: natural electroweak breaking from mirror symmetry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 231802 [hep-ph/0506256] [INSPIRE].
Z. Chacko, H.-S. Goh and R. Harnik, A twin Higgs model from left-right symmetry, JHEP 01 (2006) 108 [hep-ph/0512088] [INSPIRE].
G. Burdman, Z. Chacko, H.-S. Goh and R. Harnik, Folded supersymmetry and the LEP paradox, JHEP 02 (2007) 009 [hep-ph/0609152] [INSPIRE].
N. Craig, A. Katz, M. Strassler and R. Sundrum, Naturalness in the dark at the LHC, JHEP 07 (2015) 105 [arXiv:1501.05310] [INSPIRE].
J.E. Juknevich, Pure-glue hidden valleys through the Higgs portal, JHEP 08 (2010) 121 [arXiv:0911.5616] [INSPIRE].
J.E. Juknevich, D. Melnikov and M.J. Strassler, A pure-glue hidden valley I. States and decays, JHEP 07 (2009) 055 [arXiv:0903.0883] [INSPIRE].
I. Garcia Garcia, R. Lasenby and J. March-Russell, Twin Higgs asymmetric dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 121801 [arXiv:1505.07410] [INSPIRE].
I. Garcia Garcia, R. Lasenby and J. March-Russell, Twin Higgs WIMP dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 055034 [arXiv:1505.07109] [INSPIRE].
M. Farina, Asymmetric twin dark matter, JCAP 11 (2015) 017 [arXiv:1506.03520] [INSPIRE].
N. Craig and A. Katz, The fraternal WIMP miracle, JCAP 10 (2015) 054 [arXiv:1505.07113] [INSPIRE].
L.J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, Freeze-in production of FIMP dark matter, JHEP 03 (2010) 080 [arXiv:0911.1120] [INSPIRE].
L.J. Hall, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, A unified theory of matter genesis: asymmetric freeze-in, arXiv:1010.0245 [INSPIRE].
C. Cheung, G. Elor and L. Hall, Gravitino freeze-in, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011) 115021 [arXiv:1103.4394] [INSPIRE].
R.T. Co, F. D’Eramo, L.J. Hall and D. Pappadopulo, Freeze-in dark matter with displaced signatures at colliders, JCAP 12 (2015) 024 [arXiv:1506.07532] [INSPIRE].
R.M. Barnett, H.E. Haber and G.L. Kane, Supersymmetry: lost or found?, Nucl. Phys. B 267 (1986) 625 [INSPIRE].
H. Baer, D. Karatas and X. Tata, On the squark and gluino mass limits from the CERN pp collider, Phys. Lett. B 183 (1987) 220 [INSPIRE].
J. Alwall, P. Schuster and N. Toro, Simplified models for a first characterization of new physics at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 075020 [arXiv:0810.3921] [INSPIRE].
J. Alwall, M.-P. Le, M. Lisanti and J.G. Wacker, Model-independent jets plus missing energy searches, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 015005 [arXiv:0809.3264] [INSPIRE].
A. Albert et al., Towards the next generation of simplified dark matter models, Phys. Dark Univ. 16 (2017) 49 [arXiv:1607.06680] [INSPIRE].
E.A. Bagnaschi et al., Supersymmetric dark matter after LHC Run 1, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 500 [arXiv:1508.01173] [INSPIRE].
N. Desai, J. Ellis, F. Luo and J. Marrouche, Closing in on the tip of the CMSSM stau coannihilation strip, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 055031 [arXiv:1404.5061] [INSPIRE].
M. Citron et al., End of the CMSSM coannihilation strip is nigh, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 036012 [arXiv:1212.2886] [INSPIRE].
V.V. Khoze, A.D. Plascencia and K. Sakurai, Simplified models of dark matter with a long-lived co-annihilation partner, JHEP 06 (2017) 041 [arXiv:1702.00750] [INSPIRE].
R. Mahbubani, P. Schwaller and J. Zurita, Closing the window for compressed dark sectors with disappearing charged tracks, JHEP 06 (2017) 119 [arXiv:1703.05327] [INSPIRE].
M. Papucci, A. Vichi and K.M. Zurek, Monojet versus the rest of the world I: t-channel models, JHEP 11 (2014) 024 [arXiv:1402.2285] [INSPIRE].
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1704.06515
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Buchmueller, O., De Roeck, A., Hahn, K. et al. Simplified models for displaced dark matter signatures. J. High Energ. Phys. 2017, 76 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)076
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)076