Abstract
Background
This population-based study investigated the influence of different lymph node (LN) classifications on overall survival (OS) in head and neck cancer (HNC).
Methods
401 patients (median age: 57 years; 47% stage IV) of the Thuringian cancer registries with diagnosis of a primary HNC receiving a neck dissection (ND) in 2009 and 2010 were included. OS was assessed in relation to total number of LN removed, number of positive LN, LN ratio, and log odds of positive LN (LODDS).
Results
Mean number of LODDS was 0–0.96 ± 0.57. When limiting the multivariate analysis to TNM stage, only the UICC staging (stage IV: HR 9.218; 95% CI 2.721–31.224; p < 0.001) and LODDS > – 1.0 (HR 2.120; 95% CI 1.129–3.982; p = 0.019) were independently associated with lower OS.
Conclusion
LODDS was an independent and superior predictor for OS in HNC in a population-based setting with representative real-life data.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the 7th most common cancer worldwide [1]. 12,920 new cases in men and 4,881 in women were reported for Germany for 2015–2016 [2]. Optimal tumor staging is essential for classification, treatment planning and prognosis. Staging is performed according to the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification and the UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) system [3]. Curative and elective neck dissection (ND) as treatment of cervical lymph node metastases play a central role in the therapy of HNC [4,5,6]. To make correct prognostic statements and to establish an optimal therapeutic concept, the quality of the histopathological findings of the yielded lymph nodes is extremely important. This pN classification is highly dependent on the total number of lymph nodes removed (TNOD) and histopathological specimen in particular [7]. Therefore, additional classifications have been investigated in recent years regarding to their prognostic significance. Roberts et al. identified the number of positive lymph nodes (PNOD) as a valid prognostic classification [8]. In other studies, lymph node ratio (LNR), which is the ratio between PNOD and TNOD, is shown as a superior and independent prognostic classification [9, 10]. There is a strong dependence on the TNOD, which may be influenced by the extent of ND on one hand and accuracy of histopathological findings on the other hand [11]. Recent studies investigated the impact of a new lymph node classification scheme on OS of tumor patients: the log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS). LODDS is defined as the logarithm of the ratio between PNOD and negative lymph nodes [7, 12]. LODDS is already used as a prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal carcinoma [13, 14]. There are only few hospital-based studies and one multi-institution study so far, which considered the influence of LODDS on OS in HNC patients. In these studies, LODDS has been demonstrated as a prognostic classification superior than others such as pN and LNR [7, 12, 15, 16]. LODDS was able to discriminate patients without positive lymph nodes, few nodes or insufficient nodes retrieved [12].
This study investigates the influence of these extended lymph node classifications on OS for the first time on a population basis. In addition, the influences of patient and tumor parameters as well as aspects of ND on OS were analyzed.
Methods
Ethical considerations
The Ethics Committee of the Jena University Hospital approved the study (IRB No. 3204-07/11). The Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent of the patients because the study had a non-interventional retrospective design and all data were analyzed anonymously.
Patients
This population-based cohort study was established on patients who were diagnosed with a primary HNC in the period from January 2009 to December 2010 and were registered in the five Thuringian cancer registries (Erfurt, Gera,,Jena, Nordhausen, Suhl, and Weimar) covering > 98% of all new HNC patients [17]. These 2 years were selected to allow adequate follow-up. Thuringia is a federal state in Germany and involves a population of about 2.1 million people. In total, 709 new cases of head and neck cancer were registered, i.e., the exact incidence in 2009–2010 was 31.6 new cases per 100,000 habitants. All patients without surgery treatment which included a ND, patients with skin cancer or who had metastasis of other entities in the head and neck were excluded. 401 patients build the final dataset. In addition to the cancer registry data, cases were divided according to the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (ICD-O-3) into lip, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, salivary glands and nose/paranasal sinus [18]. Furthermore, all pathological stages of the primary cancer were recorded using the TNM-classification, 7th edition [3]: tumor size T, regional cervical lymph node status N, distant metastases M, resection status R, grading G, lymph vessel invasion L, venous invasion V, and extracapsular spreading ECS. In a few cases, the primary head and neck tumor was not resected, but a ND was performed. Since no histopathologically confirmed tumor size was available in these cases, the clinical tumor size cT was integrated into the value labeling of the variables and used for these cases. In addition to the cancer registry data, all necessary information on the ND could be obtained from the surgical and histopathological reports from the patients’ charts.
Lymph node classification
Lymph node ratio (LNR) was determined as the quotient from the total number of positive lymph nodes (PNOD) and the total number of lymph nodes removed (TNOD) [15]. The natural logarithm of the quotient of PNOD and the number of negative lymph nodes is called LODDS (= log odds of positive lymph nodes) and is calculated as follows: log ((PNOD + 0.5) / (TNOD—PNOD + 0.5)). The value 0.5 was added to both PNOD (= positive number of lymph nodes) and TNOD (= total number of lymph nodes) to avoid a numerical singularity [15].
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics Version 24 (IBM Deutschland GmbH, 71,139 Ehningen, Germany). Nominal parameters, such as patient characteristics, ND and tumor characteristics were analyzed with absolute and relative frequency calculation. Metric data were evaluated by calculating the median and the range as well as the mean and the standard deviation. The influence of all variables on OS was analyzed using the log-rank test. The Kaplan–Meier method was chosen to graphically represent the significant factors influencing OS. A significance level of p = 0.05 was chosen. Variables with p < 0.05 were rated as statistically significant. The time periods to be analyzed were 2-year and 5-year survival rates. Multivariable analyses using Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were performed to verify an independent influence of all significant factors influencing OS in the univariate analysis. A significance level of p = 0.05 was set.
Results
Patient’s characteristics and tumor characteristics
In total, 401 patients (321 men; 80%) were included, i.e., the ND rate in Thuringia for HNC in 2009–2010 was 17.9 per 100,000 habitants. The median age at diagnosis was 57 years (range 23–86 years). As shown in Table 1, the largest proportion of all malignancies was represented by oral cavity carcinoma (40%). Furthermore, oropharyngeal carcinoma represented a frequent tumor location (21%). Squamous cell carcinomas accounted for 92% of the primary tumors (Table 2). One third of the patients had an advanced T classification (pT3/T4: 35%). Regarding the resection status of the primary tumors, R0 resection was achieved in 82% of patients. R1 resection occurred in 8% and R2 resection in 2% of cases. In 19 patients, no surgical therapy of the primary tumor was performed. At the time of diagnosis, almost half of the patient collective (47%) was already in UICC stage IV. The distribution of the other half of the collective was evenly divided between UICC stages I, II, and III in 16% each. Selective ND was predominantly performed in unilateral operations (81%). Only 33 out of 176 unilateral operations were modified radical or radical ND (19%). In the case of bilateral operations, in two third of the cases (66%) selective ND and in only on third of the cases (34%) modified radical or radical ND was performed on the side of the tumor.
Cervical lymph node status and classifications
Overall, regional lymph node metastasis was histologically proven in more than half of all patients (pN + ; N = 208; 52%). Most of these patients (74%) had a pN2 lymph node status. In addition, extracapsular spreading (ECS) of lymph node metastases was detected in 66 of 208 cases (32%). In 90 of 208 cases (43%), no statement was made regarding ECS. In all unilateral ND, a mean number of 13.6 ± 10.4 lymph nodes were yielded. Of these, a mean number of 1.4 ± 2.7 lymph nodes were positive (Median 0, range = 0–16). The mean LNR was 0.16 ± 0.27 (Median 0, range = 0–1). The median LODDS was -0.96 ± 0.57 (Median -1.11, range = – 2 to 0.66). In all ND performed bilaterally, a mean number of 29.5 ± 16.3 lymph nodes were yielded. Of these, a mean number of 2.2 ± 4.1 lymph nodes were positive (Median 1, range = 0–35). The mean LNR was 0.09 ± 0.15 (Median 0.03, range = 0–1). The mean LODDS was – 1.2 ± 0.57 (Median -1.24, range = – 2.14 to 1.04).
Overall survival
Median follow-up was 51 months (range: 0–115) and median follow-up for patients alive was 62 months (range (0–115). The univariable analyses showed (Supplementary Table S1) that higher age was associated with lower survival probability (p = 0.020). Tumor parameters pT, pN and M showed significant influence on OS. Patients with a T3/T4 tumor had a significantly worse 5-year OS rate (5-year OS = 55.7%; p < 0.001) than patients with a T1/T2 tumor (5-year OS = 78.5%). Increasing lymph node involvement, the presence of distant metastases and advanced stage of the UICC tumor classification resulted in a lower OS (all p < 0.05). Incomplete resection (R1) results in worse outcome (p < 0.0001). Existing lymphatic vessel invasion as well as venous invasion also were negative prognostic factors for OS (both p < 0.001). Oropharyngeal carcinoma was the only tumor entity to show significantly better OS than the other localizations (p = 0.040). The presence of more than one affected lymph node was associated with a reduction in OS (5-year OS = 59.6%) compared to PNOD = 0–1 (5-year OS = 77.2%; p < 0.001; Fig. 1). A LNR between 0 and 10% showed a 2-year OS of 86.5%. A LNR of > 10% reduced the 2-year OS by 20.8% (p = < 0.001). The 5-year OS rate of LODDS ≤ – 1.0 was 79.0%. LODDS > – 1.0 resulted in a reduced 5-year OS of 57.2% (p < 0.001).
In a multivariable analysis of all variables influencing OS, (model I, Table 3), the only remaining independent risk factors were age > 57 years, a pT4 tumor, and incomplete tumor resection (R1). Accordingly, patients older than 57 years had a 2.21-fold increased hazard of death (p = 0.007). Patients who had a pT4 tumor, had a 3.38-fold increased hazard of death (p = 0.045). The hazard of death was increased by 3.52 for patients with incomplete resections. To focus on the role of the lymph node status, only the UICC stage, the number of positive lymph nodes (PNOD) and the lymph node indices (LNR and LODDS) were included in a second multivariable model (model II, Table 3). A UICC stage II had a 5.381-fold increased hazard of death (p = 0.008). At a UICC stage III, hazard of death increased (HR 4.312; 95% CI 1.234–15.067, p = 0.022) and at the highest tumor stage, UICC stage IV, there was an 9.218-fold increased hazard of death (HR 9.218; 95% CI 2.721–31.224; p < 0.001). The number of positive lymph nodes as well as the lymph node ratio showed no independent influence on OS. In contrast, the hazard of death increased for LODDS > – 1.0 (HR 2.120; 95% CI 1.129–3.982; p = 0.019).
Discussion
In this population-based study, different lymph node classifications were analyzed for OS in all new HNC treated in a federal state of Germany. LODDS > -1.0 was validated as the only independent significant lymph node predicator for lower OS. PNOD and LNR showed no independent influence on OS. LODDS has been shown in hospital-based data as an independent predictor of OS in other carcinoma types [7, 13, 14, 19, 20]. In addition, recent studies have investigated the impact of LODDS on HNC tumors. Yildiz et al. showed in a retrospective single-institution study of 225 patients that LODDS was an independent prognostic factor. LODDS > – 1.0 was a predictor for lower OS [15]. In a multi-institution retrospective analysis of 3958 cases of oral cancer based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, LODDS was shown to be a more accurate predictor of the 5-year disease specific survival than other lymph node classifications [21]. In this SEER study, all patients with fewer than ten lymph nodes yielded were excluded because this was defined as an inadequate ND. This makes it difficult to make final conclusions about the quality of LODDS especially in the case of few yielded lymph nodes. Safi et al. demonstrated in a retrospective single-institution study of 499 patients with oral cancer that LODDS is a better predictor of regional recurrence than LNR or PNOD [22]. In contrast, Subramaniam et al. showed different results in a retrospective single-institution analysis of 643 patients with oral cancer. The PNOD and LNR were the best predictor for OS and disease free survival [23]. Subramaniam divided LODDS in three risk subcategories. Patient with the lowest subcategory (LODDS < – 1.68) were not included. In their analysis, patients with higher risk subcategories were overrepresented and the cut-off-values for the different risk subcategories for LODDS was subject. Additionally, they suggested that pN and LNR were better in terms of model discrimination [23]. Jin et al. demonstrated in a retrospective single-institution study again only focused on 233 patients with oral cancer that LODDS has the stronger predictive power compared to LNR and PNOD. LODDS was the best lymph node predictor for 10-year disease-specific survival. The cutoff value for a lower disease-specific survival was LODDS > – 1.491. LODDS can differentiate better than LNR and PNOD, especially when TNOD < 18 or few positive lymph nodes were yielded in inadequately performed ND. In addition, by adding 0.5 to the denominator and numerator, LODDS can differentiate OS of patients without positive lymph nodes [16]. In contrast, Bao et al. do not indicate a predictive advantage of LODDS over PODS with respect to 5-year OS in a prospective study of 706 patients with oral cancer. Furthermore, they showed a nonlinear relationship between OS and the number of negative lymph nodes. OS was reduced and performance of LODDS as lymph node predictor was decreased when more than 40 negative lymph nodes were yielded. It was speculated that the lower OS with increasing lymph node yield was caused by increased postoperative complications caused by the more extensive lymphadenectomy[24]. This kind of nonlinear relation between OS and the number of negative lymph nodes was already reported by Ebrahimi et al. [25]. The study of Bao et al. has some limitations. First of all, it is a single-institution study. Bao et al. divided also LODDS in three subcategories and the cut-off-values for the different subcategories was subject. They did not evaluate other lymph node classification rather than other prognostic values such as the type of ND.
According to the present analysis that included all types of HNC, LODDS may give a better and more accurate indication of OS, especially in patients without positive lymph nodes. The present study is the first population-based analysis of its kind and can accordingly give a very good patient representative of a real-world clinical routine setting. The sample size was relatively large and so differences of head and neck subsites could be analyzed. However, this study has some limitations that need to be addressed. The retrospective analysis cannot guarantee a standardized treatment decision of the different head and neck surgeons during ND. It is well known that surgical standardization increases the quality and number of yielded lymph nodes in a ND [11]. The number of yielded lymph nodes and the decision to perform unilateral or bilateral ND were also not standardized. The average number of lymph nodes removed in unilateral ND in this study was 13.6 lymph nodes. However, a sampling of 18 lymph nodes is recommended. The quality of ND increases with the number of at least 18 lymph nodes [25, 26]. In addition, there is no standardization in the reporting of lymph nodes by pathologists.
Conclusion
This study provides a first population-based analysis and can give a much better assessment of lymph node parameters than a single-institution study. LODDS seems to be a promising predictor. Confirmation of the results with a larger patient population in a prospective trial and at best also in other countries is needed. The LODDS cutoff values were set by several authors subjectively and have to be standardized and validated. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate superiority of the lymph node classification LODDS as a survival predictor for HNC over the commonly used classification LNR and PNOD. However, further research is needed to evaluate the reliability of LODDS in the differentiation in numbers of yielded lymph nodes.
References
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68:394–424
Krebsregisterdaten Zf, Robert-Koch-Institut. Datenbankabfrage mit Schätzung der Inzidenz, Prävalenz und des Überlebens von Krebs in Deutschland auf Basis der epidemiologischen Landeskrebsregisterdaten. 2021: https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Publikationen/Krebs_in_Deutschland/krebs_in_deutschland_inhalt.html (last access: 04-July-2021)
Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C (2010) TNM classification of malignant tumours/edited by Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, and Wittekind CH. 7th ed. 2009. ed. England: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
D’Cruz AK, Vaish R, Kapre N, Dandekar M, Gupta S, Hawaldar R et al (2015) Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer. N Engl J Med 373:521–529
Coatesworth AP, MacLennan K (2002) Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: the prevalence of microscopic extracapsular spread and soft tissue deposits in the clinically N0 neck. Head Neck 24:258–261
Robbins KT, Shaha AR, Medina JE, Califano JA, Wolf GT, Ferlito A et al (2008) Consensus statement on the classification and terminology of neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134:536–538
Sun Z, Xu Y, de Li M, Wang ZN, Zhu GL, Huang BJ et al (2010) Log odds of positive lymph nodes: a novel prognostic indicator superior to the number-based and the ratio-based N category for gastric cancer patients with R0 resection. Cancer 116:2571–2580
Roberts TJ, Colevas AD, Hara W, Holsinger FC, Oakley-Girvan I, Divi V (2016) Number of positive nodes is superior to the lymph node ratio and American Joint Committee on Cancer N staging for the prognosis of surgically treated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer 122:1388–1397
Süslü N, Hoşal AS, Sözeri B (2010) Prognostic value of metastatic lymph node ratio in node-positive head and neck carcinomas. Am J Otolaryngol 31:315–319
Ebrahimi A, Clark JR, Zhang WJ, Elliott MS, Gao K, Milross CG et al (2011) Lymph node ratio as an independent prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 33:1245–1251
Marres CC, de Ridder M, Hegger I, van Velthuysen ML, Hauptmann M, Navran A et al (2014) The influence of nodal yield in neck dissections on lymph node ratio in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 50:59–64
Lee CC, Lin YS, Kang BH, Chang KP, Chi CC, Lin MY et al (2017) Incorporation of log odds of positive lymph nodes into the AJCC TNM classification improves prediction of survival in oral cancer. Clin Otolaryngol 42:425–432
Qiu MZ, Qiu HJ, Wang ZQ, Ren C, Wang DS, Zhang DS et al (2012) The tumor-log odds of positive lymph nodes-metastasis staging system, a promising new staging system for gastric cancer after D2 resection in China. PLoS ONE 7:e31736
Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S (2014) The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis 16:O386–O392
Yildiz MM, Petersen I, Eigendorff E, Schlattmann P, Guntinas-Lichius O (2016) Which is the most suitable lymph node predictor for overall survival after primary surgery of head and neck cancer: pN, the number or the ratio of positive lymph nodes, or log odds? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 142:885–893
Jin W, Zhu Z, Wu Y, Ding X, Wu H, Song X et al (2020) Prognostic value of log odds of positive lymph nodes in patients with resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 108:104709
Dittberner A, Friedl B, Wittig A, Buentzel J, Kaftan H, Boeger D, et al (2020) Gender Disparities in Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome for Head and Neck Cancer in Germany: A Population-Based Long-Term Analysis from 1996 to 2016 of the Thuringian Cancer Registry. Cancers (Basel). 12
Fritz A, Percy C, Jack A, Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin L, Parkin DM et al (2013) International classification of diseases for oncology (ICD-O) – 3rd edition, 1st revision. World Health Organization, Malta
Chen LJ, Chung KP, Chang YJ, Chang YJ (2015) Ratio and log odds of positive lymph nodes in breast cancer patients with mastectomy. Surg Oncol 24:239–247
Gu P, Deng J, Sun Z, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang H et al (2021) Superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) for prognostic prediction after gastric cancer surgery: a multi-institutional analysis of 7620 patients in China. Surg Today 51:101–110
Lee CC, Su YC, Hung SK, Chen PC, Huang CI, Huang WL et al (2017) Recommendation for incorporation of a different lymph node scoring system in future AJCC N category for oral cancer. Sci Rep 7:14117
Safi AF, Kauke M, Grandoch A, Nickenig HJ, Drebber U, Zöller J et al (2017) The importance of log odds of positive lymph nodes for locoregional recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 72:48–55
Subramaniam N, Balasubramanian D, Kumar N, Murthy S, Vijayan SN, Nambiar A et al (2019) Lymph node staging systems in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comparative analysis. Oral Oncol 97:92–98
Bao X, Chen F, Qiu Y, Shi B, Lin L, He B (2020) Log odds of positive lymph nodes is not superior to the number of positive lymph nodes in predicting overall survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 78:305–312
Ebrahimi A, Zhang WJ, Gao K, Clark JR (2011) Nodal yield and survival in oral squamous cancer: Defining the standard of care. Cancer 117:2917–2925
Divi V, Harris J, Harari PM, Cooper JS, McHugh J, Bell D et al (2016) Establishing quality indicators for neck dissection: Correlating the number of lymph nodes with oncologic outcomes (NRG Oncology RTOG 9501 and RTOG 0234). Cancer 122:3464–3471
Acknowledgements
We like to thank all departments and outpatient clinics that were involved in the treatment and data collection of the patients. We thank the coordinators of the five Thuringian cancer registries for the collaboration: Hubert Göbel (Erfurt), Uwe Funke (Gera), Ulrike Burger (Jena), Manuela Geist (Nordhausen) and Matthias Wackes (Suhl).
Funding
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent of the patients because the study had a non-interventional retrospective design and all data were analyzed anonymously.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Kouka, M., Al-Ahmar, E., Büntzel, J. et al. The log odds of positive neck lymph nodes is a superior lymph node predictor for overall survival in head and neck cancer: a population-based analysis in Germany. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 279, 3587–3595 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-07176-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-07176-8