Abstract
Carbon-based solid lubricants are excellent options to reduce friction and wear, especially with the carbon capability to adopt different allotropes forms. On the macroscale, these materials are sheared on the contact along with debris and contaminants to form tribolayers that govern the tribosystem performance. Using a recently developed advanced Raman analysis on the tribolayers, it was possible to quantify the contact-induced defects in the crystalline structure of a wide range of allotropes of carbon-based solid lubricants, from graphite and carbide-derived carbon particles to multi-layer graphene and carbon nanotubes. In addition, these materials were tested under various dry sliding conditions, with different geometries, topographies, and solid-lubricant application strategies. Regardless of the initial tribosystem conditions and allotrope level of atomic ordering, there is a remarkable trend of increasing the point and line defects density until a specific saturation limit in the same order of magnitude for all the materials tested.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the following Brazilian agencies for funding this research: CNPq, CAPES, BNDES and the Chilean agency ANID Vinculación Internacional FOVI220096 (No. 72190023) as well as Nidec Global Appliance/Embraco.
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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The author, José Daniel Biasoli de MELLO, is the Editorial Board Member of this journal.
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Guilherme Oliveira NEVES. He graduated in materials engineering in 2013 and received a master degree in materials science and engineering in 2016, both at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. masters in materials science and engineering in 2016. He received his Ph.D. in materials science and engineering in 2020 from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. He is currently a professor at the University of Bío-Bío, Chile. His leading research is devoted to synthesising carbon nanostructures, powder metallurgy, computation thermodynamics, and solid lubrication.
Nicolás ARAYA. He graduated in metallurgical engineering from the Federico Santa Maria Technical University-Chile (2013) and holds a master (2016) and a doctoral (2020) degrees in materials science and engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina-Brazil. He is currently an associate professor at the Materials Engineering Department of the University of Concepción–Chile. He has experience in powder metallurgy and tribology, his main research line for developing sintered materials for tribological applications. He has authored/co-authored 12 research papers and holds three letter patents.
Diego Berti SALVARO. He graduated in physics from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (2005), master and Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (2015 and 2020, respectively). Currently, he is a researcher in the Materials Laboratory (LabMat) at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, focused on tribology, solid lubrication, self-lubricating materials, and surface engineering. In addition, he is a member of several research projects in partnership with industrial partners. Nowadays, he authored/co-authored 12 research articles.
Thiago de Souza LAMIM. He graduated in materials engineering (2013) from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Thiago holds his master (2016) and Ph.D. (2021) degrees in materials science and engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina. He has experience in scientific research and technological development in the field of plasma processing of materials, surface engineering, carbon nanomaterials, and tribology. Thiago currently works as a junior R&T associate at the Materials Research and Technology department of the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST).
Renan Oss GIACOMELLI. He graduated as a materials engineer at Federal University of Santa Catarina in 2013. He participated in an exchange program with the University of Bremen in the Advanced Ceramics Group, studying tailored, highly sound-absorbing ceramics for high temperatures applications. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the materials science and engineering post-graduate program at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. His research focuses on surface engineering and tribology, specifically in solid-lubrication, Diamond-like carbon and plasma processing (PECVD). Currently works as a researcher in the SENAI Innovation Institute for Laser Processing located at Joinville-SC, focused on laser-based materials processing for surface engineering and tribological applications.
Cristiano BINDER. He holds a bachelor degree in chemical engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (2004), a master in materials science and engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (2006), and a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (2009). He is currently a professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina. He has experience in materials engineering, focusing on plasma materials processing, powder metallurgy, and surface engineering. He authored/co-authored 86 research articles and held 87 letters patents.
Aloisio Nelmo KLEIN. He graduated in physics (1976), master in materials engineering (1979), and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, University of Karlsruhe (1983), Germany, he is a full professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. He is the author/co-author of 196 articles in international journals, 216 papers in conference proceedings, and 142 patent letters, and he is also an associate editor of Materials Research. He has experience in materials science and engineering, with emphasis on powder metallurgy, sintered materials, and plasma technology applied to powder metallurgy and sintered materials (plasma-assisted debinding and sintering, plasma nitriding of sintered steels, among others). He has been the head of the Materials Laboratory (LabMat/UFSC) since 1984. He led the creation of the postgraduate course in materials science and engineering (master’s and doctorate) at UFSC (1994) and the creation of the undergraduate course in materials engineering at UFSC (1997–1999).
José Daniel Biasoli de MELLO. He is an emeritus professor and founder of the Laboratory of Tribology and Materials of the College of Mechanical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia. He currently serves as a visiting professor at the Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. He is also a senior researcher (level 1A) of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil. In 1990, he acted as Professeur Associé in the École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et Microtechniques, Besançon, France. From 1998–1999 he worked as a visiting scholar at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, UK. In 2007 he served as a senior visiting professor (Fulbright Foundation) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. Professor de Mello holds 11 patents and published more than 400 full papers in national and international conferences, congresses, and journals. Professor de Mello’s current research topics are tribo-corrosion, surface durability of solid lubricants, and tribological behaviour of sintered material.
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Neves, G.O., Araya, N., Salvaro, D.B. et al. Tribologically induced nanostructural evolution of carbon materials: A new perspective. Friction 12, 144–163 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0754-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0754-6