Abstract
In this note, the Ulam stability of a general functional equation in several variables is investigated. It is shown that this equation is Ulam stable in m-Banach spaces. Since a particular case of the considered equation is, among others, a functional equation introduced by Ji et al. and Zhao et al. for a characterization of the so-called multi-quadratic mapping, a result on its stability is also presented. Moreover, some other applications are provided.
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1 Background and Motivation
1.1 Functional Equations
It is well known that one of the most important functional equations is the Jordan–von Neumann equation
This functional equation is useful, among others, in some characterizations of inner product spaces, and its solutions are called quadratic mappings. For more information about these mappings, other applications and the Ulam stability of equation (1) we refer the reader, for example, to the books [19, 20].
Denote by \({\mathbb {N}}\), as usual, the set of all positive integers and fix an \(n\in {\mathbb {N}}\) with \(n\ge 2\).
Let us recall (see [6]) that a function \(Q:G^n\rightarrow X\), where G and X are abelian groups, is called n-quadratic (roughly, multi-quadratic) if it is quadratic in each variable, i.e.
for any \(i\in \{1,\dots ,n\}, \, x_1, \dots , x_{i-1}, x_i, y_i, x_{i+1},\dots , x_n\in G\).
In papers [18, 26], the above system of n equations was reduced to a single functional equation. Namely, we have the following characterization.
Proposition 1
Assume that \(n\in {\mathbb {N}}\) is such that \(n\ge 2\), G is an abelian group and X is a linear space over a field of the characteristic different from 2. Then a mapping \(Q:G^n\rightarrow X\) is n-quadratic if and only if it satisfies the functional equation
for \(x_{11}, x_{12},\ldots , x_{n1}, x_{n2}\in G\).
Assume that \(n\in {\mathbb {N}}\), X is a linear space over the field \({\mathbb {F}}\), and Y is a linear space over the field \({\mathbb {K}}\). Let, moreover, \(a_{1,i_1,\ldots ,i_n},\ldots ,a_{n,i_1,\ldots ,i_n}\in {\mathbb {F}}\) for \(i_1,\ldots ,i_n \in \{-1,1\}\) and \(A_{j_1,\ldots ,j_n}\in {\mathbb {K}}\) for \(j_1,\ldots ,j_n\in \{1,2\}\) be given scalars.
In this paper, we deal with the Ulam stability of the following functional equation in several variables
This equation was recently introduced and investigated in [9, 11] as a natural generalization of (2) (it is obvious that (3) with \(a_{1,i_1,\ldots ,i_n}=\ldots =a_{n,i_1,\ldots ,i_n}=1\) for \(i_1,\ldots ,i_n \in \{-1,1\}\) and \(A_{j_1,\ldots ,j_n}=2^n\) for \(j_1,\ldots ,j_n\in \{1,2\}\) leads to Eq. (2)). Let us also mention that some special cases of (3) (one of them is clearly Jordan–von Neumann functional equation (1)) have been considered for years by several authors (see, for example, [8, 12, 13, 18,19,20, 26] and the references therein).
We will show that Eq. (3) is Ulam stable in m-Banach spaces. This complements some results from [11] as well as generalizes those from [9]. Moreover, as corollaries from our main result, we get several outcomes on approximate solutions of a few known functional equations being special cases of (3). Let us finally mention that in papers [9, 11] a variant of the fixed point method is applied, while we use another technique: the direct/Hyers method.
1.2 Ulam Stability
One of the approaches to the question about an error we commit replacing an object possessing some properties by an object fulfilling them only approximately is the notion of the Ulam stability.
Let us recall that an equation is said to be Ulam stable in a class of mappings provided each mapping from this class fulfilling our equation "approximately" is "near" to its actual solution.
It is well known that the problem of the stability of homomorphisms of metric groups (in other words, the Cauchy functional equation) was posed by S.M. Ulam in 1940 (a year later, its solution in the case of Banach spaces was presented by D.H. Hyers). Since then the Ulam type stability of various objects (including functional, difference and differential equations, isometries, operators, groups, C*-algebras, etc.) has been studied by many researchers (see for instance [1,2,3,4, 6,7,8,9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17,18,19, 22, 24,25,26]).
In this note, the Ulam stability of Eq. (3) is shown. Furthermore, we apply our main result (Theorem 2) to get some stability outcomes on a few known functional equations.
2 Main Result
In this section, we prove our main outcome, i.e. we show that functional equation (3) is Ulam stable in m-Banach spaces. Let us mention that such spaces were defined in 1989 by A. Misiak (see [23]) as a generalization of the notion of 2-normed spaces, which was introduced by S. Gähler a quarter of a century earlier.
Assume that \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\) is such that \(m\ge 2\) and Y is an at least m-dimensional real linear space. If a mapping \(\Vert \cdot \,, \ldots , \cdot \Vert :Y^m\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}\) fulfils the following four conditions:
(i) \(\Vert x_1, \ldots , x_m\Vert = 0\) if and only if \(x_1, \ldots , x_m\) are linearly dependent,
(ii) \(\Vert x_1, \ldots , x_m\Vert \) is invariant under permutation,
(iii) \(\Vert \alpha x_1, \ldots , x_m\Vert = |\alpha | \Vert x_1, \ldots , x_m\Vert \),
(iv) \(\Vert x+y, x_2, \ldots , x_m\Vert \le \Vert x, x_2, \ldots , x_m\Vert + \Vert y, x_2, \ldots , x_m\Vert \),
for any \(\alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\) and \(x,y, x_1, \ldots , x_m \in Y\), then it is said to be an m-norm on Y, whereas the pair \((Y, \Vert \cdot , \ldots , \cdot \Vert )\) is called an m-normed space.
The two standard examples of m-norms are the following.
The Euclidean m-norm \(\Vert x_1, \ldots , x_m\Vert \) on \({\mathbb {R}}^m\):
where \(x_i=(x_{i1}, \ldots , x_{im}) \in {\mathbb {R}}^m\) for \(i\in \{1, \ldots , m\}\).
Let \((X, <\cdot , \cdot >)\) be an at least m-dimensional real inner product space. The standard m-norm on X is given by
where \(x_i\in X\) for \(i\in \{1, \ldots , m\}\).
Let \((y_k )_{k\in {\mathbb {N}}}\) be a sequence of elements of an m-normed space \((Y, \Vert \cdot , \ldots , \cdot \Vert )\). We say that it is a Cauchy sequence provided
On the other hand, the sequence \((y_k)_{k\in {\mathbb {N}}}\) is called convergent if there is a \(y\in Y\) such that
The element y is said then to be the limit of \((y_k)_{k\in {\mathbb {N}}}\) and it is denoted by \(\lim \limits _{k\rightarrow \infty }y_k\).
By an m-Banach space we mean an m-normed space such that each its Cauchy sequence is convergent.
The above definitions, properties of m-normed spaces as well as information on some problems investigated in such spaces can be found, for example, in [3, 5, 16, 21, 23].
Now, we can formulate and prove our result on the stability of functional equation (3).
Theorem 2
Let \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\), Y be an \((m+1)\)-Banach space,
and \(\varepsilon >0\). If \(f:X^n\rightarrow Y\) is a mapping such that \(f(x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})=0\) for any \((x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})\in X^n\) with at least one component which is equal to zero and
for \(x_{11},x_{12},\ldots , x_{n1},x_{n2}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\), then there exists a function \(F:X^n\rightarrow Y\) satisfying Eq. (3) and the condition
for \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\).
Proof
Put
Let us first note that (5) with \(x_{i2}=x_{i1}\) for \(i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}\) gives
and consequently
Fix \(l,p\in {\mathbb {N}}_0\) such that \(l<p\) and observe that we have
Therefore, for each \((x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})\in X^n\), \(\Big ( \frac{f((2a_{1,1,\ldots ,1})^kx_{11},\ldots , (2a_{n,1,\ldots ,1})^kx_{n1})}{A^{k}} \Big )_{k\in {\mathbb {N}}_0}\) is a Cauchy sequence. Using the fact that Y is an \((m+1)\)-Banach space, we conclude that this sequence is convergent, which allows us to define
Putting \(l=0\) and letting \(p\rightarrow \infty \) in (8) we get
i.e. (6) holds true.
Let us next observe that from (5) we get
for \(x_{11},x_{12},\ldots , x_{n1},x_{n2}\in X\), \(z\in Y^m\) and \(k\in {\mathbb {N}}_0\). Letting now \(k\rightarrow \infty \) and applying definition (9) we see that
for \(x_{11},x_{12},\ldots , x_{n1},x_{n2}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\), and thus the mapping \(F:X^n\rightarrow Y\) is a solution of the functional equation (3). \(\square \)
3 Some Applications
Theorem 2 with \(a_{1,i_1,\ldots ,i_n}=\ldots =a_{n,i_1,\ldots ,i_n}=1\) for \(i_1,\ldots ,i_n \in \{-1,1\}\) and \(A_{j_1,\ldots ,j_n}=2^n\) for \(j_1,\ldots ,j_n\in \{1,2\}\) immediately yields the following outcome on the Ulam stability of Eq. (2).
Corollary 3
Let \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\), Y be an \((m+1)\)-Banach space and \(\varepsilon >0\). If \(f:X^n\rightarrow Y\) is a function such that \(f(x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})=0\) for any \((x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})\in X^n\) with at least one component which is equal to zero and
for \(x_{11},x_{12},\ldots , x_{n1},x_{n2}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\), then there exists a solution \(F:X^n\rightarrow Y\) of Eq. (2) with
Let us also mention that the stability of this equation was previously investigated in [12, 18, 26].
Another particular case of Eq. (3), i.e. the functional equation
with \(A_{1,1}, A_{1,2}, A_{2,1}, A_{2,2}\ge 0\), was very recently investigated in [13], where its characterizations and representations of set-valued solutions are obtained.
As for the Ulam stability of Eq. (10), Theorem 2 with \(n=2\), \(a_{1,1,1}=a_{2,1,1}=a_{1,1,-1}=a_{2,1,-1}=a_{1,-1,1}=a_{2,-1,1}=a_{1,-1,-1}=a_{2,-1,-1}=1\) yields the following.
Corollary 4
Assume that \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\), Y is an \((m+1)\)-Banach space,
and \(\varepsilon >0\). If \(f:X^2\rightarrow Y\) is a function such that
holds and
for \(x_{11}, x_{12}, x_{21}, x_{22}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\), then there exists a solution \(F:X^{2}\rightarrow Y\) of Eq. (10) fulfilling
for \(x_1, x_2\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\).
Next, we derive from Theorem 2 the Ulam stability of the functional equation
Set-valued solutions of this equation were very recently investigated in [10]. Let us also mention that a particular case (with \(A_{1,1}=A_{1,2}=2\)) of (12) is the functional equation
Its stability was studied in [9, 11, 17], and our result complements and generalizes the corresponding outcomes obtained in these two papers.
To get the mentioned result, we apply Theorem 2 with \(n=2\), \(a_{1,1,1}=a_{2,1,1}=a_{1,-1,-1}=a_{2,-1,-1}=1\), \(a_{1,1,-1}=a_{2,1,-1}=a_{1,-1,1}=a_{2,-1,1}=0\) and \(A_{2,1}=A_{2,2}=0\). In consequence, we have the following.
Corollary 5
Let \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\), Y be an \((m+1)\)-Banach space, \(|A_{1,1}+A_{1,2}|>1\), and \(\varepsilon >0\). If \(f:X^2\rightarrow Y\) is a function such that condition (11) holds and
for \(x_{11}, x_{12}, x_{21}, x_{22}\in X\) and \(z\in Y^m\), then there exists a solution \(F:X^{2}\rightarrow Y\) of Eq. (12) fulfilling
Let us finally consider the functional equation
which was introduced and studied in [25] (see also [9] for a stability result in 2-Banach spaces).
Using Theorem 2 with \(n=2\), \(a_{1,1,1}=a_{2,1,1}=a_{1,1,-1}=a_{2,1,-1}=1\), \(a_{1,-1,1}=a_{2,-1,1}=a_{1,-1,-1}=a_{2,-1,-1}=0\), \(A_{1,1}=A_{1,2}=A_{2,1}=A_{2,2}=2\) we get the following outcome.
Corollary 6
Let \(m\in {\mathbb {N}}\), Y be an \((m+1)\)-Banach space and \(\varepsilon >0\). If \(f:X^2\rightarrow Y\) is a function such that (11) holds and
for \(x_{11}, x_{12}, x_{21}, x_{22}\in X\) and \(y\in Y^m\), then there exists a solution \(F:X^{2}\rightarrow Y\) of Eq. (13) fulfilling
4 Conclusions
In the paper, we have shown that Eq. (3) is Ulam stable in m-Banach spaces. This complements some outcomes from [11] (where the case of Banach spaces was studied) as well as generalizes those from [9] (where 2-Banach spaces were considered). In the proof of our main result (Theorem 2), we have used the direct method, while in [9, 11] a variant of the fixed point method was applied.
From Theorem 2, we have derived some stability results on functional equations (2), (10), (12) and (13), which were previously investigated in [10, 12, 13, 18, 25, 26].
We finish the paper with three problems.
Problem 1
Does the assertion of Theorem 2 hold without the assumption that \(f(x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})=0\) for any \((x_{11},\ldots ,x_{n1})\in X^n\) with at least one component which is equal to zero?
Problem 2
Is Eq. (3) stable for
Problem 3
Find a general solution of Eq. (3).
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Ciepliński, K. Stability of a General Functional Equation in m-Banach Spaces. Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc. 46, 62 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-022-01458-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-022-01458-y