Abstract
In this article, we prove some existence and uniqueness results on coincidence points for g-increasing mappings satisfying generalized φ-contractivity conditions in ordered metric spaces. As an application of one of our newly proved results, we indicate the formulation of a coupled coincidence theorem. Our results generalize, extend, modify, improve, sharpen, enrich, and complement several well-known results of the existing literature. Also, we point out that a recent coincidence point result proved in Dalal et al. (J. Adv. Math. 7(1):1084-1094, 2014) contains errors and omissions.
MSC:47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction
In 2004, Ran and Reurings [1] extended the Banach contraction principle in ordered metric spaces for continuous monotone mappings with some applications to matrix equations wherein the involved contractive condition is required to hold merely on elements which are comparable in the underlying partial ordering. Thereafter, Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2] slightly modified Ran and Reurings’ fixed point theorem for an increasing mapping not necessarily continuous by assuming an additional hypothesis on the ordered metric space and also proved some related results on ordered metric spaces besides giving some applications to ordinary differential equations. In the same development, Nieto and Rodríguez-López [3] analogously proved a fixed point theorem for a decreasing mapping in ordered metric space and also gave some applications of their results to ordinary differential equations. In recent years, Nieto and Rodríguez-López’s (cf. [2]) fixed point theorems were further extended and refined by many authors (e.g. [4–17]).
The idea of the coupled fixed point was initiated by Guo and Lakshmikantham [18] in 1987, which was well followed by Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [19] where the authors introduced the notion of mixed monotone property for a linear contraction (mapping) (wherein X is an ordered metric space) and utilized the same to prove some theorems on the existence and uniqueness of coupled fixed points, which can also be viewed as a coupled formulation of certain results of Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2]. In 2009, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [20] generalized these results for nonlinear contraction mappings by introducing the notions of coupled coincidence point and mixed g-monotone property. In recent years, the existence results on coupled fixed points were generalized and improved by various authors (e.g. [21–27]). Very recently, Samet et al. [28] have shown that the coupled fixed results can be more easily obtained using well-known fixed point theorems on ordered metric spaces (see also [29–31]). For further details, one can consult [32–40].
The aim of this paper is four-fold:
-
(1)
We observe that a φ-contraction indicated in Boyd and Wong [41] (later used by Jotić [42]) generalizes several well-known φ-contractions due to Browder [43], Mukherjea [44], Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [20] and similar others.
-
(2)
We extend some fixed point results of Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2] to a pair of mappings such that f is g-increasing mapping satisfying generalized nonlinear contractive condition of Boyd and Wong [41] on an ordered metric space X in two different directions namely: in case X is complete or alternately one of the subspaces or is complete while the whole space X may or may not be complete. Some illustrative examples are also furnished to demonstrate our results.
-
(3)
Following the techniques of Samet et al. [28], we indicate a coupled coincidence theorem which can be obtained as an application of our newly established result.
-
(4)
We consolidate several weaker results on ordered metric spaces (especially those obtained in Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2], Wu and Liu [17], Radenović [29], Al-Mezel et al. [30], Ćirić et al. [6], Dalal et al. [31], Choudhury and Kundu [21], Hussain et al. [22] and Sintunavarat and Kumam [23]) besides correcting errors in a recent coincidence point result proved in Dalal et al. [31].
2 Preliminaries
In this section, to make our exposition self contained, we recall some basic definitions, relevant notions and auxiliary results:
Definition 1 [45]
A relation ⪯ defined on a nonempty set X is called a partial order on X if it is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive. A set X together with a partial order ⪯, often denoted by , is called an ordered set. Let be an ordered set and . Then the statement
Analogously, we also write:
means and , which is read ‘x strictly precedes y’,
means , which is read ‘x succeeds y’,
means , which is read ‘x strictly succeeds y’.
As usual, the notations ⋠, ⊀, ⋡ and ⊁ are self-explanatory.
Definition 2 [45]
Let be an ordered set and . We say that x and y are comparable if either or . For brevity, we denote it by .
Remark 1 [13]
The relation ≺≻ is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive in general.
Definition 3 [45]
Let be an ordered set. A subset is called totally or linearly ordered if every pair of elements of E are comparable, i.e.,
Definition 4 [45]
Let be an ordered set and . An element is called an upper bound of E if u succeeds every element of E, i.e.,
Analogously, an element is called a lower bound of E if l precedes every element of E, i.e.,
Definition 5 [5]
A triplet is called an ordered metric space if is a metric space and is an ordered set.
Let be an ordered set and f a self mapping on X. We say that
-
(i)
f is increasing or isotone or order-preserving if for any
-
(ii)
f is decreasing or antitone or order-reversing if for any
-
(iii)
f is monotone if it is either increasing or decreasing.
Definition 7 [6]
Let be an ordered set and f and g a pair of self mappings on X. We say that
-
(i)
f is g-increasing if for any
-
(ii)
f is g-decreasing if for any
-
(iii)
f is g-monotone if f is either g-increasing or g-decreasing.
Notice that under the restriction , the identity mapping on X, Definition 7 reduces to Definition 6.
Proposition 1 Let f and g be a pair of self mappings defined on an ordered set . If f is g-monotone and , then .
Proof As , on using reflexivity of ⪯, we have
Suppose that f is g-increasing (resp. g-decreasing), we have
which, in both cases (owing to the antisymmetric property of ⪯) gives rise to
□
Definition 8 [52]
Let be an ordered set. A sequence in X is said to be
-
(i)
increasing or ascending if for any ,
-
(ii)
decreasing or descending if for any ,
-
(iii)
monotone if it is either increasing or decreasing,
-
(iv)
bounded above if there is an element such that
so that u is an upper bound of ,
-
(v)
bounded below if there is an element such that
so that l is a lower bound of .
Let X be a nonempty set and f and g two self mappings on X. Then
-
(i)
an element is called a coincidence point of f and g if
-
(ii)
if is a coincidence point of f and g and such that , then is called a point of coincidence of f and g,
-
(iii)
if is a coincidence point of f and g such that , then x is called a common fixed point of f and g,
-
(iv)
the pair is said to be commuting if
-
(v)
the pair is said to be weakly compatible or coincidentally commuting if f and g commute at their coincidence points, i.e.,
Further, for the sake of brevity, we record the following fact in the form of a proposition:
Proposition 2 If the pair is weakly compatible, then every point of coincidence of f and g is also a coincidence point of f and g.
Proof Let be a point of coincidence of f and g, then such that . Now, we have to show that is a coincidence point of f and g. On using the weak compatibility of f and g, we have
which implies that is a coincidence point of f and g. □
Let be a metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. Then
-
(i)
the pair is said to be weakly commuting if
-
(ii)
the pair is said to be compatible if
whenever is a sequence in X such that
Let be an ordered metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. We say that the pair is O-compatible if
whenever is a sequence in X such that is monotone and
Evidently, in an ordered metric space, commutativity ⇒ weak commutativity ⇒ compatibility ⇒ O-compatibility ⇒ weak compatibility but reverse implications are not true in general as substantiated by the following examples.
Example 1 [55]
Consider with the usual metric. Define the functions and by and . Then the pair is weakly commutative but not commutative.
Example 2 [56]
Consider with the usual metric. Define the functions and by and . Then the pair is compatible but not weakly commutative.
Example 3 [57]
Consider with the usual metric and the following partial order:
Define the functions and by
and
Then the pair is O-compatible but not compatible.
Example 4 Consider with the usual metric and the usual partial order. Define the functions and by
and
Here 1 is the only coincidence point of f and g and f(g1)=g(f1)=1. Therefore is a weakly compatible pair.
Consider a sequence , where then and . Hence is decreasing and . Also, and , which implies that . It follows that the pair is not O-compatible.
Let be an ordered metric space and . We adopt the following notations:
-
(i)
if is increasing and then we denote it symbolically by ,
-
(ii)
if is decreasing and then we denote it symbolically by .
In the following lines, we formulate some definitions using certain properties utilized by earlier authors especially from [2, 6, 19, 20] besides some other ones.
Definition 12 Let be an ordered metric space. We say that
-
(i)
has the ICU (increasing-convergence-upper bound) property if every increasing convergent sequence in X is bounded above by its limit (as an upper bound), i.e.,
-
(ii)
has the DCL (decreasing-convergence-lower bound) property if every decreasing convergent sequence in X is bounded below by its limit (as a lower bound), i.e.,
-
(iii)
has the MCB (monotone-convergence-boundedness) property if X has the ICU as well as the DCL property.
Remark 2 It is warranted to mention that the terminologies utilized in Definition 12 are available under different names as adopted by various authors in their respective papers. Instead of saying that X has the ICU property, alternately Turinici [58] said that is d-self-closed, Jleli et al. [15] said that X is regular and Kutbi et al. [59] said that X is nondecreasing-regular. Similarly, instead of saying that X has the DCL property, alternately Turinici [58] said that is d-self-closed and Kutbi et al. [59] said that X is nonincreasing-regular. Also, instead of saying that X has the MCB property, alternately Jleli et al. [15] said that X is ↑↓-regular, Berzig and Samet [60] said that X is regular and Roldan et al. [61] said that X has sequential monotone property.
Definition 13 Let be an ordered metric space and g a self mapping on X. We say that
-
(i)
has the g-ICU property if g-image of every increasing convergent sequence in X is bounded above by g-image of its limit (as an upper bound), i.e.,
-
(ii)
has the g-DCL property if g-image of every decreasing convergent sequence in X is bounded below by g-image of its limit (as a lower bound), i.e.,
-
(iii)
has the g-MCB property if it has the g-ICU as well as the g-DCL property.
Notice that under the restriction , the identity mapping on X, Definition 13 reduces to Definition 12.
Now, we summarize some basic definitions related to coupled coincidence points.
Definition 14 [20]
Let be an ordered set and and two mappings. We say that F has the mixed g-monotone property if F is g-increasing in its first argument and is g-decreasing in its second argument, i.e., for all ,
Notice that under the restriction , the identity mapping on X, Definition 14 reduces to the definition of mixed monotone property of F.
Definition 15 [20]
Let X be a nonempty set and and two mappings. An element is called a coupled coincidence point of mappings F and g if
Notice that under the restriction , the identity mapping on X, is called a coupled fixed point of F.
Definition 16 [20]
Let X be a nonempty set and and two mappings. We say that the pair is commuting if
Definition 17 [21]
Let be a metric space and and two mappings. We say that the pair is compatible if
and
whenever and are sequences in X such that
Definition 18 [57]
Let be an ordered metric space and and two mappings. We say that the pair is O-compatible if
and
whenever and are sequences in X such that , are monotone and
Finally, we list the following known results needed in the proof of our main results.
Lemma 1 [11]
Let be a metric space and a sequence in X such that . If is not a Cauchy sequence, then there exist and two subsequences and of such that
-
(i)
,
-
(ii)
,
-
(iii)
,
-
(iv)
the following four sequences tend to ϵ when :
Lemma 2 [62]
Let X be a nonempty set and g a self mapping on X. Then there exists a subset such that and is one-to-one.
3 Existing control functions and possible inter-relations
Recall that a self mapping f defined on a metric space satisfying
where is a constant, is called a linear contraction with respect to α (or, in short, α-contraction). In view of the classical Banach contraction principle [63], every linear contraction defined on a complete metric space admits a unique fixed point. Here it can be noticed that the non-negative constant plays a key role. Many authors generalized the Banach contraction principle by replacing the involved constant α with an appropriate mapping, say φ, depending on the contractivity condition. A function satisfying for each is called a control function. Further, a self mapping f defined on a metric space is called a nonlinear contraction with respect to control function φ (or, in short, φ-contraction) if
Indeed for each , on setting , φ-contraction reduces to α-contraction. In fact, in 1968, Browder [43] initiated the notion of φ-contraction, where the author assumed φ to be a right continuous and increasing control function and utilized the same to generalize the Banach contraction principle. Later, many authors generalized Browder’s fixed point theorem by varying the properties of control function φ. In 1969, Boyd and Wong [41] observed that it is sufficient to assume merely the right-upper semicontinuity of φ (without the monotonicity requirement on φ) and extended Browder’s fixed point theorem by introducing the following family of control functions:
Inspired by Boyd and Wong [41], in 1977, Mukherjea [44] slightly modified Browder’s fixed point theorem by introducing the following family of control functions:
The following family of control functions found in literature is more natural:
The following family of control functions is introduced by Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [20]:
The following family of control functions is indicated in Boyd and Wong [41] but was later used by Jotić [42]:
The following properties of control functions are needed in the subsequent discussion.
Proposition 3 Let φ be a control function.
-
(a)
If φ is right continuous, then for each .
-
(b)
If φ is right-upper semicontinuous, then for each .
Proof To prove (a), take an arbitrary . As φ is right continuous on , therefore in particular at t, we have
As φ is control function, we have
Hence (1) and (2) implies that . As is arbitrary, we have
In a similar manner we can prove (b). For an arbitrary , using right-upper semicontinuity of φ, we have , which on using implies that for each . □
Now, we present our main result of this section as follows:
Proposition 4 The class Ω enlarges the classes Ψ, Θ, ℑ and Φ.
Proof On using the fact that continuity implies right continuity and right continuity implies right-upper semicontinuity together with item (b) of Proposition 3, we have
It is obvious that . Also on using item (a) of Proposition 3, we have . Hence, on combining these relations, we have
Hence from (3) and (4), it follows that Ω enlarges the rest of all the above families of control functions. □
The following property of in the form of a lemma is used in our main results.
Lemma 3 Let . If is a sequence such that , then .
Proof Given that
As , on using (5) and the definition of Ω, we have
so that is a decreasing sequence of positive real numbers. Since it is bounded below (as ), there is an element such that
Our proof is complete if we show that . Suppose, on the contrary that . Taking the limit superior as of both sides of (5) and using (6) and the definition of Ω, we have
which is a contradiction, so that . □
4 Results on coincidence points
We prove one of our main results as follows:
Theorem 1 Let be an ordered metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(a)
,
-
(b)
f is g-increasing,
-
(c)
there exists such that ,
-
(d)(e)
there exists such that
(e1) is complete,
(e2) is O-compatible pair,
(e3) g is continuous,
(e4) either f is continuous or has the g-ICU property,
or alternately
(e′)
(e′1) either or is complete,
(e′2) either f and g are continuous or has the ICU property.
Then f and g have a coincidence point.
Proof In view of assumption (d), the contractivity condition holds for any under two possibilities:
If our contractivity condition is satisfied for first possibility, then in view of symmetry of d, it must be satisfied for the second possibility and vice versa. Therefore on imposing our contractivity condition these two possibilities are equivalent and hence we use only the first possibility to prove our result.
In view of assumption (c) if , then is a coincidence point of f and g and hence the proof is completed. Otherwise, if , then we have . So in view of (a) (i.e. ), we can choose such that . As , we can choose such that . Continuing this process, we define a sequence (of joint iterates) such that
Now, we assert that is an increasing sequence, i.e.,
We prove this fact by mathematical induction. On using (7) with and assumption (c), we have
Thus, (8) holds for . Suppose that (8) holds for , i.e.,
then we have to show that (8) holds for . To accomplish this, we use (7), (9), and assumption (b), so that
Thus, by induction, (8) holds for all .
If for some , then using (7), we have , i.e., is a coincidence point of f and g, so that we are through. On the other hand, if for each , we can define a sequence , where
On using (7), (8), (10), and assumption (d), we obtain
so that
Hence by Lemma 3, we obtain
Next, we show that is a Cauchy sequence. On the contrary suppose that is not a Cauchy sequence. Hence, in view of (11) and Lemma 1, there exists and two subsequences and of such that , , and
Denote . As , due to (8) we have . On using (7) and assumption (d), we obtain
so that
On taking the limit superior as in (13) and using (12) and the definition of Ω, we have
which is a contradiction. Therefore is a Cauchy sequence. Now, we use assumptions (e) or (e′) to accomplish the proof.
Firstly, assume that (e) holds. By assumption (e1) (i.e. completeness of X), there exists such that
On using (7) and (14), we obtain
In view of assumption (e3) (i.e. continuity of g) in (14) and (15), we have
As is monotone (due to (8)) and (due to (14) and (15)), on using assumption (e2) (i.e. O-compatibility of f and g), we obtain
Now, we show that z is a coincidence point of f and g. To accomplish this, we use assumption (e4). Suppose that f is continuous. On using (14) and the continuity of f, we obtain
On using (17), (18), (19), and the continuity of d, we obtain
so that
Thus is a coincidence point of f and g and hence we are through.
Alternately, suppose that has the g-ICU property. Due to (8) and (14), we have , which gives rise
On using (20) and assumption (d), we obtain
Now, we assert that
On account of the two different possibilities arising here, we consider a partition of ℕ, i.e., and verifying that
-
(i)
,
-
(ii)
.
In case (i), on using Proposition 1, we get and hence (21) holds for all . In case (ii), owing to the definition of Ω, we have and hence (21) holds for all . Thus (21) holds for all .
On using triangular inequality, (16), (17), (18), and (21), we get
so that
Thus is a coincidence point of f and g and hence we are through.
Secondly, assume that (e′) holds. In view of assumption (e′1), firstly we assume that is complete, then there exists such that
Alternately, if is complete, then in view of (7), we have , so that is a Cauchy sequence in . Hence, on using the completeness of and assumption (a) (i.e., ), there exists such that
Thus, in both cases, we have
Now, we show that u is a coincidence point of f and g. To accomplish this, we use assumption (e′2). Suppose that f and g are continuous. Owing to Lemma 2, there exists a subset such that and is one-one. Without loss of generality, we are able to choose such that . Now, define by
As is one-one and , T is well defined. Again since f and g are continuous, it follows that T is continuous. Since and , there exists such that . By using Proposition 1, we get . Therefore, on using (7) and (22), we get
On using (23), (24), and the continuity of T, we get
Thus is a coincidence point of f and g and hence we are done.
Otherwise, suppose that has the ICU property. Due to (8) and (22), we have , which gives rise
On using (7), (25), and assumption (d), we obtain
We assert that
On account of the two different possibilities arising here, we consider a partition of ℕ, i.e., and verifying that
-
(i)
,
-
(ii)
.
In case (i), on using Proposition 1, we get , which in view of (7), gives rise and hence (26) holds for all . In case (ii), by the definition of Ω, we have and hence (26) holds for all . Thus (26) holds for all .
On using (22), (26), and the continuity of d, we get
so that
Hence is a coincidence point of f and g. This completes the proof. □
Corollary 1 If in addition to the hypotheses (a)-(d) of Theorem 1, one of the following conditions holds:
(f1) is complete,
(f2) either f or g is onto,
(f3) either f and g are continuous or has the ICU property;
(f′)
(f′1) is complete,
(f′2) either or is closed,
(f′3) either f and g are continuous or has the ICU property;
(f′′)
(f′′1) is complete,
(f′′2) is O-compatible pair,
(f′′3) g is continuous and increasing,
(f′′4) has the ICU property,
then f and g have a coincidence point.
Proof Suppose that (f) hold. By (f2), we get either or , so that (f1) implies that either or is complete and hence assumption (e′) is applicable.
Suppose that (f′) hold. We know that closed subset of a complete metric space is complete. It follows, from (f′1) and (f′2), that either or is complete and hence assumption (e′) is applicable.
Suppose that (f′′) hold. Now g is increasing and has the ICU property, this implies that has the g-ICU property. Hence, in this case, assumption (e) is applicable. □
Next, we present a result dual to Theorem 1.
Theorem 2 Theorem 1 remains true if we replace conditions (c), (e4), and (e′2) by the conditions (c)′, (e4)′ and , respectively (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(c)′ there exists such that ,
(e4)′ either f is continuous or has the g-DCL property,
either f and g are continuous or has the DCL property.
Proof The scheme of the proof is similar to the one followed in the proof of Theorem 1. Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 1, we can show that the sequence is decreasing and also Cauchy.
Assume that (e) holds. The completeness of X implies the existence of such that as . To prove is a coincidence point of f and g, firstly we suppose that f is continuous. In this case, following the lines of the proof of Theorem 1, we can show that . Otherwise suppose that has the g-DCL property, so analogously as in (20), we have
and hence proceeding along the lines of the proof of Theorem 1, the result can be proved.
On the other hand, assume that (e′) holds. The completeness of or implies the existence of such that as . To prove that is a coincidence point of f and g, firstly we suppose that f and g are continuous, then as argued in Theorem 1, we can show that . Otherwise suppose that has the DCL property, so analogously as in (25), we have
and hence proceeding along the lines of the proof of Theorem 1, the result can be proved. □
On combining Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 3 Let be an ordered metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(a)
,
-
(b)
f is g-increasing,
-
(c)
there exists such that ,
-
(d)
there exists such that
(e) (e1) is complete,
(e2) is O-compatible pair,
(e3) g is continuous,
(e4) either f is continuous or has the g-MCB property,
or alternately
(e′)
(e′1) either or is complete,
(e′2) either f and g are continuous or has the MCB property.
Then f and g have a coincidence point.
Analogously, we can prove results similar to Corollary 1 corresponding to Theorems 2 and 3.
As commutativity ⇒ weak commutativity ⇒ compatibility ⇒ O-compatibility for a pair of mappings, the following consequence of Theorem 1 (also of Theorem 2 or Theorem 3) trivially holds.
Corollary 2 Theorem 1 (also Theorem 2 or Theorem 3) remains true if we replace condition (e2) by one of the following conditions (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(e2)′ is commuting pair,
(e2)′′ is weakly commuting pair,
(e2)′′′ is compatible pair.
On setting with , in Theorem 1 (also in Theorem 2 or Theorem 3), we get the following result:
Corollary 3 Theorem 1 (also Theorem 2 or Theorem 3) remains true if we replace condition (d) by the following condition (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(d)′ there exists such that
On setting , the identity mapping on X, in Theorems 1, 2, and 3, we get, respectively, the following corresponding fixed point results.
Corollary 4 Let be an ordered metric space and f a self mapping on X. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(a)
either or is complete,
-
(b)
f is increasing,
-
(c)
either f is continuous or has the ICU property,
-
(d)
there exists such that ,
-
(e)
there exists such that
Then f has a fixed point.
Notice that Corollary 4 improves Theorem 2.1 of Wu and Liu [17]. Here it is mentioned that in Theorem 2.1 of [17], the authors used Φ instead of Ω besides (in view of hypothesis (a)) the completeness of X.
Corollary 5 Corollary 4 remains true if the conditions (c) and (d) are replaced by the conditions (c)′ and (d)′, respectively (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(c)′ either f is continuous or has the DCL property,
(d)′ there exists such that .
Corollary 6 Corollary 4 remains true if the conditions (c) and (d) are replaced by the conditions (c)′′ and (d)′′, respectively (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(c)′′ either f is continuous or has the MCB property,
(d)′′ there exists such that .
On setting with , in Corollary 4 (also in Corollary 5 or Corollary 6), we get respectively the following results.
Corollary 7 Corollary 4 (also Corollary 5 or Corollary 6) remains true if the condition (e) is replaced by the following condition (besides retaining the rest of the hypotheses):
(e)′ there exists such that
Notice that Corollary 7 covers Theorems 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 of Nieto and Rodríguez-López [2]. Here we observe that in Nieto and Rodríguez-López’s theorems the completeness of X is not necessary, it can alternately be replaced by the completeness of .
Now, we make some observations on several well-known results in ordered metric spaces available in the existing literature.
The following result of Radenović [29] is a consequence of Theorem 1.
Corollary 8 (Radenović [29])
Let be an ordered metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. Assume that there exists such that
Assume the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
f is g-increasing and ,
-
(ii)
there exists such that ,
-
(iii)
f and g are continuous and compatible and is complete, or
-
(iv)
has the MCB property and one of or is complete.
Then f and g have a coincidence point.
Here, it can be pointed out that Radenović [29] call X to be regular instead of saying that X has MCB property. On taking Φ instead of Ω and compatibility instead of O-compatibility in Theorem 1, we obtain a sharpened version of Corollary 8 which are worth noting in the following respects:
-
In the context of hypothesis (iii), the continuity of f is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by the condition that has the g-ICU property.
-
In the context of hypothesis (iv), there is no point to use the MCB property on X as a relatively lighter ICU property can serve the desired purpose (see lines 38 and 39 on p.370 in [29]). Moreover, there is no need to take the ICU property on the whole space X, it suffices to take it merely on . Also this condition (i.e. the ICU property of ) is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by continuity requirements on f and g both.
The following result of Al-Mezel et al. [30] is a consequence of Theorem 1 and Corollary 1.
Corollary 9 (Al-Mezel et al. [30])
Let be an ordered metric space and two mappings such that the following properties are fulfilled:
-
(i)
,
-
(ii)
f is g-increasing,
-
(iii)
there exists such that ,
-
(iv)
there exists such that
Also assume that, at least, one of the following conditions holds:
-
(a)
is complete, f and g are continuous and the pair is O-compatible,
-
(b)
is complete and f and g are continuous and commuting,
-
(c)
is complete and has the ICU property,
-
(d)
is complete, is closed and has the ICU property,
-
(e)
is complete, g is continuous and increasing, the pair is O-compatible and has the ICU property.
Then f and g have, at least, a coincidence point.
Notice that Al-Mezel et al. [30] call X to be nondecreasing-regular instead of saying that X has the ICU property. On taking Φ instead of Ω in Theorem 1 (including Corollary 1 with assumptions (f′) and (f′′)), we obtain a sharpened version of Corollary 9 which are worth noting in the following respects:
-
In the context of hypotheses (a) and (b), the continuity of f is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by the condition that has the g-ICU property.
-
In the context of hypotheses (c) and (d), there is no need to take the ICU property on the whole space X, it suffices to take merely on . Also this condition (i.e. the ICU property on ) is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by continuity requirements on both f and g.
-
In the context of hypothesis (c), the completeness of is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by the completeness of .
-
In the context of hypothesis (d), the closedness of is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by closedness of .
-
In the context of hypothesis (e), it is clear that increasing requirement on g together with the ICU property implies the g-ICU property, therefore it is more natural to use the g-ICU property as opposed to the ICU property together with increasing requirement on g.
The following consequence of Corollary 1 is a special case of Theorem 2.2 of Ćirić et al. [6].
Corollary 10 Let be an ordered metric space and f and g two self mappings on X. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
is complete,
-
(ii)
is closed,
-
(iii)
,
-
(iv)
f is g-increasing,
-
(v)
has the ICU property,
-
(vi)
there exists such that ,
-
(vii)
there exists such that
Then f and g have a coincidence point.
Notice that in Theorem 2.2 of [6], Ćirić et al. used the following contractive condition instead of (vii), which is more general,
with . On taking ℑ instead of Ω in Corollary 1 (with assumption (f′) only), we obtain an improved version of Corollary 10, which are worth noting in the following considerations:
-
In the context of hypothesis (ii), the closedness of is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by the closedness of .
-
In the context of hypothesis (v), the ICU property on is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by continuity requirements on f and g both.
The following result of Dalal et al. [31] (with correction) is a consequence of Corollary 2.
Corollary 11 (Dalal et al. [31])
Let be an ordered metric space and two mappings satisfying the following:
-
(i)
f is g-increasing and ,
-
(ii)
g is continuous and commutes with f,
-
(iii)
there exists such that , (iv) there exists such that
Also, suppose that either
-
(a)
f is continuous, or
-
(b)
has the MCB property.
Then f and g have a coincidence point.
Notice that Dalal et al. [31] use the term sequential monotone property instead of the MCB property. Firstly, we point out that Dalal et al. [31] used the completeness of X in their proof but failed to mention the same in the hypotheses. Also, owing to the MCB property on X, Dalal et al. [31] observed that (see line 14 on p.1092) which can not ensure the comparability of and . But Dalal et al. [31] used the same while writing (see lines 17 and 18 on p.1092 in Dalal et al. [31]). Hence, one needs to replace the MCB property by the g-ICU property which ensures that , so that the given proof can work. Thus Corollary 11 contains some errors and omissions. In fact on taking Φ instead of Ω in Corollary 2 (with assumption (e2)′ only), we obtain correct form of Corollary 11.
Now, as an application of Theorem 1, using the techniques of Samet et al. [28], one can easily obtain the following coupled coincidence theorem, which is indeed the coupled formulation of Theorem 1.
Theorem 4 Let be an ordered metric space and and two mappings. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(a)
,
-
(b)
F has the mixed g-monotone property,
-
(c)
there exist such that and ,
-
(d)
there exists such that
with and ,
e(e1) is complete,
(e2) is O-compatible pair,
(e3) g is continuous,
(e4) either F is continuous or has the g-MCB property,
or alternately
(e′)
(e′1) either or is complete,
(e′2) either F and g are continuous or has the MCB property.
Then F and g have a coincidence point.
The following two coupled coincidence theorems directly follow from Theorem 4.
Corollary 12 (Choudhury and Kundu [21])
Let be an ordered metric space and and two mappings. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
is complete,
-
(ii)
,
-
(iii)
F has the mixed g-monotone property,
-
(iv)
is a compatible pair,
-
(v)
g is continuous and increasing,
-
(vi)
either F is continuous or has the MCB property,
-
(vii)
there exist such that and ,
-
(viii)
there exists such that
with and .
Then F and g have a coupled coincidence point
On taking Φ instead of Ω and compatibility instead of O-compatibility in Theorem 4 (with assumption (e) only), we obtain a sharpened version of Corollary 12. Notice that there is no need of increasing requirement on g in Corollary 12 if F is continuous and this property is used only when X has MCB property. As the requirement of increasing on g together with the MCB property implies g-MCB property, it is more natural to use the g-MCB property as opposed to the MCB property together with the requirement of increasing on g.
Corollary 13 (Husain et al. [22], Sintunavarat and Kumam [23])
Let be an ordered metric space and and two mappings. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
is complete,
-
(ii)
,
-
(iii)
F has the mixed g-monotone property,
-
(iv)
g is continuous,
-
(v)
either F is continuous or has the MCB property,
-
(vi)
there exist such that and ,
-
(vii)
there exists such that
with and .
Then F and g have a coupled coincidence point.
On taking Φ instead of Ω in Theorem 4 (with assumption (e′) only), we obtain a sharpened version of Corollary 13, for which it is worth noting in following features:
-
In the context of hypothesis (i), the completeness of is not necessary as it can alternately be replaced by the completeness of .
-
In the context of hypothesis (v), there is no need to take the MCB property on the whole space X, it suffices to take it merely on .
-
In the context of hypotheses (iv) and (v), the continuity of g is unnecessary, when the MCB property on holds. It is required only when F is continuous.
5 Uniqueness results
In this section, we state and prove the results regarding the uniqueness of a point of coincidence, coincidence point and common fixed point corresponding to previous results. For a pair of self mappings f and g on a nonempty set X, we denote the following sets:
, i.e., the set of all coincidence points of f and g,
, i.e., the set of all points of coincidence of f and g.
Theorem 5 In addition to the hypotheses (a)-(d) along with (e′) of Theorem 1 (resp. Theorem 2 or Theorem 3), if the following condition holds:
(u0): for all , such that and ,
then f and g have a unique point of coincidence.
Proof We prove this result for Theorem 1 and the same argument holds for others. In view of Theorem 1, . Take , then such that
We show that . According to assumption (u0), such that and , i.e., either or and the same argument will be true for and . We can suppose (the other case is similar). Put . Since , along lines similar to that of Theorem 1, we can define sequence such that
Again as f is g-increasing, by a similar reason as in the proof of Theorem 1, we have
Hence on using , we have
Now we claim that
For each , define
Now two cases arise. Firstly, suppose that for some , then by Proposition 1, we obtain . Consequently on using (27) and (28), we get . Thus by induction, we get , yielding thereby . Hence, in this case, (30) is proved.
On the other hand suppose that , then on using (27), (28), (29), (31), and assumption (d), we have
so that
Hence on applying Lemma 3, we obtain , so that (30) is proved. Thus, in both cases, (30) holds. Similarly, one can show that
On using triangular inequality, (30) and (32), we obtain
Thus, f and g have a unique point of coincidence. □
Corollary 14 Theorem 5 remains true if we replace the condition (u 0) by one of the following conditions (besides retaining rest of the hypotheses):
(): for all , such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound in ,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound in ,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound in ,
(): is totally ordered,
(): is totally ordered,
(): is totally ordered.
Proof As , for such that , , . Hence, we have
() ⇒ , ,
() ⇒ , ,
() ⇒ , ,
which amounts to saying that, in each case, (u0) holds and hence Theorem 5 is applicable. □
It is easy to check that () ⇒ (), () ⇒ (), () ⇒ (), so that the results follow due to availability of the result under condition ().
Again, () ⇒ () ⇒ () ⇒ () and hence such results follow due to availability of the result corresponding to ().
Theorem 6 In addition to the hypotheses of Theorem 5, if the following condition holds:
(u1): one of f and g is one-one,
then f and g have a unique coincidence point.
Proof In view of Theorem 1, . Take , then in view of Theorem 5, we have
As f or g is one-one, we have
□
Theorem 7 In addition to the hypotheses of Theorem 5, if the following condition holds:
(u2): is weakly compatible pair,
then f and g have a unique common fixed point.
Proof Take and denote . Then in view of Proposition 2 and (u2), . It follows from Theorem 5 with that , i.e., , which yields
Hence, is a common fixed point of f and g. To prove uniqueness, assume that is another common fixed point of f and g. Then again from Theorem 5, we have
Hence we are through. □
Theorem 8 In addition to the hypotheses (a)-(e) of Theorem 1 (resp. Theorem 2 or Theorem 3), if the condition (u0) (of Theorem 5) holds, then f and g have a unique common fixed point.
Proof We know that in an ordered metric space, every O-compatible pair is weakly compatible, so that (u2) trivially holds. Hence similar to the lines of proof of Theorems 5 and 7 our result follows. □
Theorem 8 asserts that assumption (u0) together with Corollary 2 provides the uniqueness of common fixed point.
Remark 3 Theorem 8 remains true if condition (u0) is replaced by any one of the conditions ()-() (of Corollary 14) besides retaining rest of the hypotheses.
Remark 4 If the sets and are known then in view of the proofs of Theorem 5, Theorem 8 and Corollary 14, it is clear that (u0) can be replaced by one of the following conditions, which are relatively weaker than the assumptions mentioned in these results:
(): for all , such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound in ,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound in ,
(): is totally ordered set with respect to ⪯.
Remark 5 Under the arguments of Remark 4, one can replace assumption (u1) (of Theorem 6) by the following condition, which is weaker:
(): is a bijection.
By setting (the identity mapping on X) in Theorems 5-8, we deduce the following unique fixed point results, which are indeed the uniqueness results corresponding to Corollaries 4-7.
Corollary 15 In addition to the hypotheses of Corollary 4 (resp. Corollary 5, Corollary 6 or Corollary 7), if one of the following conditions holds:
(): for all , there exists such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): for all , such that and ,
(): every pair of elements of X has a lower bound or an upper bound,
(): every pair of elements of has a lower bound or an upper bound,
(): is totally ordered,
(): is totally ordered,
then f has a unique fixed point.
6 Examples
In this section, we furnish two examples, which illustrate Theorem 1 and Theorems 5-8.
Example 5 Let . Then is an ordered metric space under the usual metric and the partial order defined by and . Define and by and . Then f is g-increasing. Define by , then . Now, for with , we have
Thus f, g and φ satisfy assumption (d) of Theorem 1. By a routine calculation, one can verify all the conditions mentioned in (e) of Theorem 1. Hence all the conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied and f and g have a coincidence point in X. Moreover, here (u0) holds and therefore, in view of Theorem 8, f and g have a unique common fixed point (namely: ).
Example 6 Consider with the usual metric and the usual order. Then is an ordered metric space. Define and by and . Then f is g-increasing. Define by , where , then . Now, for with , we have
Thus f, g and φ satisfy assumption (d) of Theorem 1. Also, the pair is not O-compatible and hence (e) does not hold. But the subspace is complete and f and g are continuous, i.e., all the conditions mentioned in are satisfied. Hence by Theorem 1, f and g have a coincidence point in X. Further, in this example (u0) holds and therefore, in view of Theorem 5, f and g have a unique point of coincidence (namely: ). Notice that neither f nor g is one-one, i.e., (u1) does not hold and hence, we cannot apply Theorem 6, which guarantees the uniqueness of coincidence point. Notice that there are two coincidence points (namely: and ). Also, the pair is not weakly compatible, i.e., (u2) does not hold and, hence, we cannot apply Theorem 7, which ensures the uniqueness of common fixed point. Notice that there is no common fixed point of f and g.
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Alam, A., Khan, A.R. & Imdad, M. Some coincidence theorems for generalized nonlinear contractions in ordered metric spaces with applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 216 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-216
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-216