Abstract
In 2011, Sadiq Basha (Nonlinear Anal. 74:5844-5850, 2011) studied and established best proximity point theorems for proximal contractions of the first and the second kinds which are more general than the fixed point theorems of self-contractions. The purpose of this paper is to extend the notion of proximal contraction mappings of the first and the second kinds. We also establish the existence and convergence of best proximity point theorems for these classes and give an example to validate our main results.
MSC:47H10, 47H09.
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1 Introduction
Let X be an arbitrary nonempty set. A fixed point for a self-mapping is a point such that . The applications of fixed point theory are very important in diverse disciplines of mathematics, statistics, chemistry, biology, computer science, engineering, and economics. One of the very popular tools of fixed point theory is the Banach contraction principle, which first appeared in 1922. It states that if is a complete metric space and is a contraction mapping (i.e., for all , where ), then T has a unique fixed point. It has been generalized in different ways by mathematicians over the years (see [1–4]). However, almost all such results relate to the existence of a fixed point for self-mappings.
One of the most interesting studies is the extension of Banach’s contraction principle to the case of non-self-mappings. In fact, given nonempty closed subsets A and B of a complete metric space , a contraction non-self-mapping does not necessarily have a fixed point.
Eventually, it is quite natural to seek an element x such that is minimum, which implies that x and Tx are in close proximity to each other. As a matter of fact, is at least , and best proximity point theorems accentuate the preceding viewpoint further to guarantee the existence of an element x such that assumes the least possible value , thereby accomplishing the highest possible closeness between x and Tx. A point x in A for which is called a best proximity point of T.
Whenever non-self-mapping T has no fixed point, a best proximity point represents an optimal approximate solution to the equation , for the error involved, , attains the global minimal value for any best proximity point x. One finds that best proximity point theorems are natural generalizations of the contraction principle to the case of non-self-mappings because a best proximity point reduces to a fixed point if the underlying mapping is assumed to be self-mapping.
In 1969, a best approximation theorem was introduced by Fan [5]. Afterward, several authors have derived extensions of Fan’s theorem in many directions (see, e.g., [6–9]). Other works concerning the existence of a best proximity point theorems for single-valued and set-valued mappings have been established in [10–29].
Recently, Sadiq Basha in [30] gave necessary and sufficient conditions to the claim of the existence of a best proximity point for proximal contractions of the first kind and the second kind which are non-self-mapping analogs of contraction self-mappings and also established some best proximity and convergence theorems. However, the main result of Sadiq Basha [30] is an essential tool to claim the existence of a best proximity point and a sequence that converges to a best proximity point for some non-self-mappings. It is most interesting to find another auxiliary tool for the claim of the existence of a best proximity point and a sequence that converges to this point.
In this work, we introduce a new class of non-self-mappings. Indeed, the classes of proximal contractions of the first kind and the second kind are proper subclasses of these classes. We prove the existence and convergence as regards best proximity point theorems for these classes and also give some illustrative examples of our main results. Our results generalize, extend, and unify several well-known comparable results in the literature and these results can be applied to a much wider class of problems.
2 Preliminaries
Throughout this paper, we denote the set of real numbers and the set of positive integers by R and N, respectively. We also suppose that A and B are nonempty subsets of a metric space and use the following notations:
We observe that if , then and are nonempty. Also, if or is nonempty, then both and are nonempty. Further, it is interesting to notice that and are contained in the boundaries of A and B, respectively, provided A and B are closed subsets of a normed linear space such that .
Definition 1 ([30])
A mapping is said to be a proximal contraction of the first kind if there exists such that
for all .
Clearly, a self-mapping that is a proximal contraction of the first kind is precisely a contraction. However, a non-self proximal contraction is not necessarily a contraction.
Definition 2 ([30])
A mapping is said to be a proximal contraction of the second kind if there exists such that
for all .
The necessary condition for a self-mapping S to be a proximal contraction of the second kind is that
for all in the domain of S. Therefore, every contraction self-mapping is a proximal contraction of the second kind but the converse is not true (see the example below).
Example 1 Consider R endowed with the Euclidean metric. Let the self-mapping be defined as
Then S is a proximal contraction of the second kind but not a contraction.
The above example shows that a self-mapping that is a proximal contraction of the second kind is not necessarily continuous.
Definition 3 ([30])
Let and be two mappings. The pair is said to be a proximal cyclic contraction pair if there exists such that
for all .
Definition 4 ([30])
Let be a mapping and be an isometry. The mapping S is said to preserve the isometric distance with respect to g if
for all .
Definition 5 ([30])
A point is said to be a best proximity point of the mapping if it satisfies the condition that
It can be observed that a best proximity reduces to a fixed point if the underlying mapping is a self-mapping.
Definition 6 ([30])
A is said to be approximatively compact with respect to B if every sequence in A that satisfies the condition that for some has a convergent subsequence.
We observe that every set is approximatively compact with respect to itself, and that every compact set is approximatively compact. Moreover, and are nonempty sets if A is compact and B is approximatively compact with respect to A.
3 Main results
For mappings and , we let be a collection of mappings which satisfies the following condition:
for .
Definition 7 A mapping is said to be a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to if there exists a mapping such that
for all .
It is easy to see that a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to the mapping g reduces to proximal contraction of the first kind if we set for all where . But the converse is not true (see the example below).
Example 2 Consider the metric space with Euclidean metric, where . Let
and
Define two mappings and as follows:
and
Then it is easy to see that .
It is easy to show that there is no that satisfies
for all . Therefore, S is not a proximal contraction of the first kind.
Next, we show that S is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to g. Consider a function defined by
It is easy to see that .
If such that
and
for all , then we have
Therefore, it follows that
This implies that the non-self-mapping S is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to g with the function .
Definition 8 A mapping is said to be a generalized proximal contraction of the second kind with respect to if there exists a mapping such that
for all .
Remark 1 The class of generalized proximal contractions of the second kind with respect to g is more general than the class of proximal contractions of the second kind (Definition 2).
Next, we give the result for generalized proximal contractions of the first kind.
Theorem 1 Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Further, suppose that or is nonempty. Let , and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S is a generalized proximal contractions of the first kind with respect to and T is a generalized proximal contractions of the first kind with respect to .
-
(b)
g is an isometry.
-
(c)
The pair is a proximal cyclic contraction.
-
(d)
, .
-
(e)
and .
Then there exists a unique point and there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x. For any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element y.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if is bounded with constant and there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
Proof Let be a fixed element in . In view of the fact that and , it is ascertained that there exists an element such that
Again, since and , there exists an element such that
This process can be continued. Therefore, we can construct the sequence in such that
for all .
It follows from S being a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to that
for all . Since g is an isometry, we have
for all . From (3) and the notion of a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to , we get
for all . By repeating (6), we get
for all , where . For positive integers m and n with , it follows from (7) that
which implies that as and then is a Cauchy sequence in A. By the completeness of A, the sequence converges to some .
Similarly, in view of the fact that and , we can conclude that, for fixed , there is a sequence in B such that
for all . Since T is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to , we have
From g being an isometry, we get
for all . By virtue of (9) and T being a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to , we get
for all . By repeating (12), we get
for all , where . For positive integers m and n with , it follows from (13) that
which implies that as and then is a Cauchy sequence in B. By the completeness of B, the sequence converges to some .
Since the pair is a proximal cyclic contraction, we have
We take the limit in (15) as , and it follows that
which implies that and . It follows from and that there are and such that
and
From (3), (17), and the notion of a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind of S, we get
for all . Letting , we conclude that . Therefore
Similarly, we can show that and then
From (16), (20), and (21), we get
For the uniqueness, let us suppose that there exist and such that
Since g is an isometry and S and T are generalized proximal contractions of the first kind with respect to and , respectively, it follows that
and
It follows from and being contained in that and .
On the other hand, let be a sequence in A and be a sequence of positive real numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that . Since g is an isometry and S is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to , we have
and hence
Given , we choose a positive integer N such that for all . For each , we get
which implies that . Therefore, for each , we have
Letting , we have . It follows from being arbitrary that is convergent and it converges to x. This completes the proof of the theorem. □
Now, we give an example to illustrate Theorem 1.
Example 3 Consider the complete metric space with Euclidean metric. Let
Define three mappings , , and as follows:
Then it is easy to see that , , , and the mapping g is an isometry.
Next, we claim that S is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to and T is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to .
Consider a function defined by
Then . If such that
for all , then we have
Therefore, it follows that
Hence S is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to with the function .
Consider a function defined by
Then . If such that
for all , then we get
Since
we can conclude that T is a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to with the function .
Moreover, the pair forms a proximal cyclic contraction and the other hypotheses of Theorem 1 are also satisfied. Further, it is easy to see that we have the unique elements and such that
Corollary 1 (Theorem 3.1 in [30])
Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Further, suppose that or is nonempty. Let , , and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S and T are proximal contractions of the first kind.
-
(b)
g is an isometry.
-
(c)
The pair is a proximal cyclic contraction.
-
(d)
, .
-
(e)
and .
Then there exists a unique point and there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x. For any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element y.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
Proof Since a proximal contractions of the first kind is a special case of a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind, we get this result from Theorem 1. □
If g is assumed to be the identity mapping, then Corollary 1 yields the following best proximity point theorem.
Corollary 2 (Corollary 3.3 in [30])
Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Further, suppose that or is nonempty. Let and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S and T are proximal contractions of the first kind.
-
(b)
The pair is a proximal cyclic contraction.
-
(c)
, .
Then there exists a unique point and there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x. For any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element y.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
Next, we establish a result for non-self-mappings which are generalized proximal contractions of the first kind and the second kind.
Theorem 2 Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Further, suppose that or is nonempty. Let and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S is generalized proximal contractions of first and second kinds with respect to g.
-
(b)
g is an isometry.
-
(c)
S preserves isometric distance with respect to g.
-
(d)
.
-
(e)
.
Then there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if bounded with constant and there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
Proof For fixed , since and , we can construct the sequence in similarly to Theorem 1 such that
for all . It follows from g being an isometry and by virtue of the fact that we have a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to g of S that
for all . Similarly to the proof of Theorem 1, we can conclude that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in A and so converges to some . As S is a generalized proximal contraction of the second kind with respect to g and preserves the isometric distance with respect to g,
which implies that is a Cauchy sequence in B and then it converges to some . Therefore, we can conclude that
that is, . Since , we have for some and then . By the fact that g is an isometry, we get . Hence x and z must be identical and so x becomes a point in . As ,
for some . It follows from (25), (28), and S being a generalized proximal contraction of the first kind with respect to g that
for all . Taking the limit as , we see that the sequence converges to a point u. Owing to the fact that g is continuous, converge to a point gx. By the uniqueness of the limit of the sequence, we conclude that . Therefore, we have the result that . The uniqueness and the remaining part of the proof follow as in Theorem 1. This completes the proof of the theorem. □
Corollary 3 (Theorem 3.4 in [30])
Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Further, suppose that or is nonempty. Let and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S is proximal contractions of first and second kinds.
-
(b)
g is an isometry.
-
(c)
S preserves isometric distance with respect to g.
-
(d)
.
-
(e)
.
Then there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
Proof Since proximal contractions of the first kind and the second kind are special cases of generalized proximal contractions of the first and the second kinds, we get the result from Theorem 2. □
Corollary 4 (Corollary 3.5 in [30])
Let be a complete metric space and A and B be nonempty, closed subsets of X. Suppose that or is nonempty and satisfy the following conditions:
-
(a)
S is proximal contractions of first and second kinds.
-
(b)
.
Then there exists a unique point such that
Moreover, for any fixed , the sequence , defined by
converges to the element x.
Furthermore, a sequence in A converges to x if there is a sequence of positive numbers such that
where satisfies the condition that .
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Acknowledgements
The first author would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund and Thammasat University under Grant No. TRG5780013 for financial support during the preparation of this manuscript. The second author was supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand.
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Sintunavarat, W., Kumam, P. The existence and convergence of best proximity points for generalized proximal contraction mappings. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 228 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-228
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-228