Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the existence of fixed points for contractive-type multivalued maps in the setting of modular metric spaces. The notion of a modular metric on an arbitrary set and the corresponding modular spaces, generalizing classical modulars over linear spaces like Orlicz spaces, were recently introduced. In this paper we investigate the existence of fixed points of multivalued modular contractive mappings in modular metric spaces. Consequently, our results either generalize or improve fixed point results of Nadler (Pac. J. Math. 30:475-488, 1969) and Edelstein (Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 12:7-10, 1961).
MSC:47H09, 46B20, 47H10, 47E10.
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1 Introduction
The aim of this paper is to give an outline of a fixed point theory for multivalued Lipschitzian mappings defined on some subsets of modular metric spaces. Modular metric spaces were introduced in [1, 2]. The way we approached the concept of modular metric spaces is different. Indeed we look at these spaces as the nonlinear version of the classical modular spaces as introduced by Nakano [3] on vector spaces and modular function spaces introduced by Musielak [4] and Orlicz [5]. In [6] the authors have defined and investigated the fixed point property in the framework of modular metric space and introduced the analog of the Banach contraction principle theorem in modular metric space.
As is well known, a fixed point theorem for multivalued contraction mappings was established by Nadler [7]. In 1961 Edelstein [8] has generalized the Banach contraction principle to mappings satisfying a less restrictive Lipschitz inequality such as local contraction. This result has been generalized to a multivalued version by Nadler [7]. On the other hand Mizoguchi and Takahashi [9] have improved Reich’s result [10] and proved the existence of fixed points for multivalued maps in the case when values of mappings are closed bounded instead of compact.
In this paper we define the Hausdorff modular metric and obtain a multivalued version of the result [[6], Theorem 3.1] in modular metric spaces. We also extend the results of Nadler [7], Mizoguchi and Takahashi [9] to modular metric spaces. The linear version of some of our results may be found in the work of Kutbi and Latif [11].
For more on metric fixed point theory, the reader may consult the book [12].
2 Basic definitions and properties
Let X be a nonempty set. Throughout this paper for a function , we will write
for all and .
A function is said to be a modular metric on X if it satisfies the following axioms:
-
(i)
if and only if , for all ;
-
(ii)
, for all , and ;
-
(iii)
, for all and .
If instead of (i), we have only the condition
then ω is said to be a pseudomodular (metric) on X. A modular metric ω on X is said to be regular if the following weaker version of (i) is satisfied:
Finally, ω is said to be convex if for and , it satisfies the inequality
Note that for a metric pseudomodular ω on a set X, and any , the function is nonincreasing on . Indeed, if , then
Let ω be a pseudomodular on X. Fix . The two sets
and
are said to be modular spaces (around ).
We obviously have . In general this inclusion may be proper. It follows from [1, 2] that if ω is a modular on X, then the modular space can be equipped with a (nontrivial) metric, generated by ω and given by
for any . If ω is a convex modular on X, according to [1, 2] the two modular spaces coincide, i.e. , and this common set can be endowed with the metric given by
for any . These distances will be called Luxemburg distances.
First attempts to generalize the classical function spaces of the Lebesgue type were made in the early 1930s by Orlicz and Birnbaum in connection with orthogonal expansions. Their approach consisted in considering spaces of functions with some growth properties different from the power type growth control provided by the -norms. Namely, they considered the function spaces defined as follows:
where was assumed to be a convex function increasing to infinity, i.e. the function which to some extent behaves similarly to power functions . Modular function spaces furnishes a wonderful example of a modular metric space. Indeed define the function ω by
for all , and . Then ω is a modular metric on . Moreover, the distance is exactly the distance generated by the Luxemburg norm on .
For more examples on modular function spaces, the reader may consult the book of Kozlowski [13] and for modular metric spaces [1, 2].
Definition 2.3 Let be a modular metric space.
-
(1)
The sequence in is said to be ω-convergent to if and only if , as . x will be called the ω-limit of .
-
(2)
The sequence in is said to be ω-Cauchy if , as .
-
(3)
A subset M of is said to be ω-closed if the ω-limit of a ω-convergent sequence of M always belongs to M.
-
(4)
A subset M of is said to be ω-complete if any ω-Cauchy sequence in M is a ω-convergent sequence and its ω-limit is in M.
-
(5)
A subset M of is said to be ω-bounded if we have
-
(6)
A subset M of is said to be ω-compact if for any in M there exists a subset sequence and such that .
-
(7)
ω is said to satisfy the Fatou property if and only if for any sequence in ω-convergent to x, we have
for any .
In general if , for some , then we may not have , for all . Therefore, as is done in modular function spaces, we will say that ω satisfies the -condition if this is the case, i.e. , for some implies , for all . In [1] and [2], one will find a discussion as regards the connection between ω-convergence and metric convergence with respect to the Luxemburg distances. In particular, we have
for any and . In particular we see that ω-convergence and -convergence are equivalent if and only if the modular ω satisfies the -condition. Moreover, if the modular ω is convex, then we know that and are equivalent, which implies
Definition 2.4 Let be a modular metric space. We will say that ω satisfies the -type condition if, for any , there exists such that
for any , , with .
Note that if ω satisfies -type condition, then ω satisfies the -condition. The above definition will allow us to introduce the growth function in the modular metric spaces as was done in the linear case.
Definition 2.5 Let be a modular metric space. Define the growth function Ω by
for any .
The following properties were proved in the linear case in [14].
Lemma 2.1 Let be a modular metric space. Assume that ω is a convex regular modular which satisfies the -type condition. Then
-
(1)
, for any ,
-
(2)
Ω is a strictly increasing function, and ,
-
(3)
, for any ,
-
(4)
, where is the function inverse of Ω,
-
(5)
for any , , we have
Proof It is clear that the -type condition implies (1) and from the definition of Ω we have . Next we prove that Ω is strictly increasing. Let . Since ω is convex, we get
which implies
for any . From this inequality, we can easily deduce the following relation:
for any . The properties (3) and (4) follow the same line as the proofs developed in [14]. As for the property (5), note that
The inequality in (5) follows from the definition of the distance . □
The following technical lemma will be useful later on in this work.
Lemma 2.2 Let be a modular metric space. Assume that ω is a convex regular modular which satisfies the -type condition. Let be a sequence in such that
where K is an arbitrary nonzero constant and . Then is Cauchy for both ω and .
Proof Under the above assumptions, we have
where we assumed that . Hence
for , which implies
for any . Note that this inequality is still valid when . Since , and is strictly increasing, we get
which implies . Classical analysis on metric spaces implies that is convergent which implies that is Cauchy for . Since ω satisfies the -type condition, is Cauchy for ω. □
Note that this lemma is crucial since the main assumption on will not be enough to imply that is ω-Cauchy since ω fails the triangle inequality.
3 Multivalued mappings in modular metric spaces
At this point we introduce some notation which will be used throughout the remainder of this work. For a subset M of modular metric space . Set
-
(i)
;
-
(ii)
;
-
(iii)
the Hausdorff modular metric is defined on by
where .
Definition 3.1 Let be a modular metric space and M be a nonempty subset of . A mapping is called a multivalued Lipschitzian mapping if there exists a constant such that
A point is called a fixed point of T whenever . The set of fixed points of T will be denoted by .
In [6], we defined Lipschitzian single valued maps. Our definition is more general than the one used by Chistyakov [1, 2]. Indeed, in the case of modular function spaces, it is proved in [15] that
for any if and only if
Moreover, an example is given to show that
but T is not Lipschitzian with respect to with constant 1.
Definition 3.2 Let be a modular metric space and M be a nonempty subset of . A multivalued mapping is called
-
(i)
an ω-contraction if there exists a constant such that for any ,
-
(ii)
a -ω-uniformly locally contraction if there exists a constant such that for any ,
Before we state our results, we will need the following technical lemmas [7] in the setting of modular metric spaces.
Lemma 3.1 Let be a modular metric space and M be a nonempty subset of . Let , then for each and , there exists such that
Moreover, if B is ω-compact and ω satisfies the Fatou property, then for any , there exists such that
Proof The proof of the first part is easy. As for the second part, assume B is ω-compact and ω satisfies the Fatou property. Let . Then for any , there exists such that
Since B is ω-compact, we may assume that ω-converges to . Since ω satisfies the Fatou property, we get
□
Lemma 3.2 Let be a modular metric space. Assume that ω satisfies -condition. Let M be a nonempty subset of . Let be a sequence of sets in , and suppose where . Then if and , it follows that .
Proof Using Lemma 3.1, for every , there exists such that
Hence
which implies . Since ω satisfies the -condition, we have . Since is ω-closed, we have . □
4 The main results
The statement of Nadler’s fixed point result [7] in modular metric spaces is as follows.
Theorem 4.1 Let be a modular metric space. Assume that ω is a convex regular modular which satisfies the -condition. Let M be a nonempty ω-complete subset of . Let be an ω-contraction map. Then T has a fixed point.
Proof Since T is an ω-contraction, there exists a constant such that for any , we have
Let be an arbitrary but fixed element of M and , then from Lemma 3.1, there exists such that
Similarly, there exists such that
By induction we build such that
and , for every . Since T is a contraction, we get
for every . Hence
for every . The technical Lemma 2.2 implies that is ω-Cauchy. Since M is ω-complete, ω-converges to some point . Since
we conclude that . Since , Lemma 3.2 implies , i.e. is fixed point of T. This completes the proof of Theorem 4.1. □
Edelstein [8] has extended the classical fixed point theorem for a contraction to the case when X is a complete ε-chainable metric space and the mapping is an -uniformly locally contraction. This result was extended by Nadler [7] to multivalued mappings. Here we investigate Nadler’s result in modular metric spaces. First let us introduce the ε-chainable concept in modular metric spaces. Our definition is slightly different from the one used in the classical metric spaces since the modular functions fail in general the triangle inequality.
Definition 4.1 Let be a modular metric space. A nonempty subset is said to be finitely ε-chainable (where is fixed) if and only if there exists such that for any there is an -chain from a to b (that is, a finite set of points such that , , and , for all ).
We have the following result.
Theorem 4.2 Let be a modular metric space. Assume that ω is a convex regular modular which satisfies the -type condition and the Fatou property. Let M be a nonempty ω-complete and ω-bounded subset of , which is finitely ε-chainable, for some fixed . Let be an -ω-uniformly locally contraction map. Then T has a fixed point in M.
Proof Since M is finitely ε-chainable, there exists such that for any there is a finite set of points such that , , and , for all . For any define
where the infimum is taken over all -chains from x to y. Our assumptions imply that , for any . Using the basic properties of ω, we get
for any . Moreover, if , then we have , for any . Fix . Set . Choose . Let be an -chain from to . Such an -chain exists since M is finitely ε-chainable. Using Lemma 3.1, there exists such that . Repeating this process we find such that and . It is easy to check that is an -chain from to . Set . Using the fact that T is an -ω-uniformly locally contraction map, we get
By induction, we construct a sequence such that
and , for any . Obviously we have , for any . Since ω satisfies the -type condition, there exists such that
for any . Lemma 2.2 implies that is ω-Cauchy. Since M is ω-complete, ω-converges to some . We claim that z is a fixed point of T. Indeed using the ideas developed above, there exists such that
for any . Since
for any , we conclude that ω-converges to z. Since is ω-closed, we get . □
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Acknowledgements
The first author was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdoulaziz University. The author, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR.
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Abdou, A.A., Khamsi, M.A. Fixed points of multivalued contraction mappings in modular metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 249 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-249
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-249