Abstract
Background
Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is closely associated with development and prognosis of human cancers. LncRNA SNHG16 is reportedly involved in human cancer; however, its roles in multiple myeloma (MM) remain unclear.
Methods
In this study, we investigated the function and molecular mechanisms of SNHG16 in MM. MM cells were transfected with si-SNHG16 or si-NC. SNHG16 expression levels was measured by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation was monitored using the MTS. Flow cytometry assay was performed to measure the cell cycle and apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assay were performed to confirm the sponged miRNAs of SNHG16.
Results
SNHG16 expression was up-regulated in MM tissues. SNHG16 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase, and promoted the apoptosis of MM cells. Moreover, SNHG16 knockdown promoted cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, Foxa3a, and Bax expression, while markedly inhibiting CCND1, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, PI3K, and p-AKT expression in MM cells. miR-342-3p was a direct target of SNHG16. SNHG16 knockdown significantly increased miR-342-3p expression in MM cells. Overexpression miR-342-3p markedly suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase, and promoted apoptosis of MM cells. Overexpression of miR-342-3p markedly promoted cleaved-Caspase-3/-9, Foxa3a, and Bax expression, and inhibited CCND1, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, PI3K, and p-AKT expression in MM cells. Additionally, repression of miR-342-3p could rescue the effect of SNHG16 knockdown on MM cell proliferation, cycle arrest, apoptosis, and related protein expression.
Conclusion
Knockdown of lncRNA SNHG16 suppresses MM cell proliferation by sponging miR-342-3p, implicating SNHG16 as a novel therapeutic target for MM.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal plasmocyte malignancy [1]. MM is the most common hematological cancer worldwide, and its incidence has continued to rise annually [2]. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment for MM, including chemotherapy, autologous/allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and monoclonal antibodies therapy such as daratumumab, elotuzumab, indatuximab, SAR650984, the results of clinical treatment of MM remain unsatisfactory [3, 4]. MM pathogenesis is very complex and the detailed underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of MM remain largely unknown.
Increasing evidence indicates that the aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with the development and prognosis of various types of cancer, including MM [5]. Liu et al. [6] reported that lncRNA TUG1 were significantly up-regulated in MM samples and cell lines, and that down-regulation of TUG1 markedly inhibited MM cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. LncRNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 16 (SNHG16), an SNHG member, is up-regulated and functions as an oncogene in pancreatic cancer [7] and gastric cancer [8]. Although SNHG16 plays important roles in different cancers, its functional role and underlying molecular mechanism in MM tumorigenesis are still largely unclear.
LncRNAs act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to sponge microRNAs (miRNAs). Aberrant expression of miRNAs play critical roles in multiple biological processes in cancer, including MM [9]. miR-342-3p, which is localized to chromosome 14q32, is a tumor suppressor miRNA involved in non-small cell lung cancer [10] and osteosarcoma [11]. Given the suppressive role of miR-342-3p in cancer, we aimed to determine whether SNHG16 acts as an miR-342-3p sponge to regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells.
In this investigation, we first evaluated the expression of SNHG16 in MM samples cell lines. Subsequently, we explored the effects of SNHG16 on MM cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis. Finally, the interaction between SNHG16 and miR-342-3p and the underlying mechanisms of SNHG16 in MM cells were investigated.
Methods
Clinical specimen collection
Twenty primary (MM patients 66.30 ± 8.21; male, 15) and 15 marrow healthy samples (control, age, 59.6 ± 11.89; male, 10) were collected from June 2018 to January 2019 at Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University. No treatment was applied before the sample collection. MM specimens were taken from intramedullary regions. This study obtained approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University. Informed written consent for the use of the tissue samples was obtained from all patients and healthy controls. All fresh tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately and stored at − 80 °C until use.
Cell culture and transfection
Two human MM cell lines (RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929) were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). MM cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. MiR-342-3p mimics, miR-342-3p inhibitor, miR-negative control (miR-NC), siRNAs to SNHG16 (si-SNHG16), and si-NC were designed and commercially constructed by Genechem (Shanghai, China). All transfections were conducted using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). The sequences used were as follows: si-SNHG16, 5′-GGAACAUACUGCUAUCAUAGA-3ʹ; si-NC, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3ʹ; miR-342-3p mimics: 5′-UCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGU-3ʹ; miR-NC: 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3ʹ; miR-342-3p inhibitor: 5′-ACGGGUGCGAUUUCUGUGUGAGA-3ʹ; NC inhibitor: 5′-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3ʹ.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from MM tissues or cell lines using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). For SNHG16, first strand cDNA was reverse transcribed from total RNA using the PrimeScript™ II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa Bio, Dalian, China). For miR-342-3p, qRT-PCR was performed using TaqMan miRNA assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). All PCRs were performed using an ABI 7500 RT-PCR system (Applied Biosystems) with SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ Kit (TaKaRa Bio). PCR primers were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China) with the following sequences: CCND1 forward, 5ʹ-ATCAAGTGTGACCCGGACTG-3ʹ and reverse, 5ʹ- CTTGGGGTCCATGTTCTGCT-3ʹ.
SNHG16 forward, 5ʹ-CCTCTAGTAGCCACGGTGTG-3ʹ and reverse, 5ʹ-GGCTGTGCTGATCCCATCTG-3ʹ; 18srRNA forward, 5ʹ-CCTGGATACCGCAGCTAGGA-3ʹ and reverse, 5′-GCGGCGCAATACGAATGCCCC-3ʹ; miR-342-3p forward, 5ʹ- ACACTCCAGCTGGGTCTCACACAGAAATCGC -3ʹ and reverse, 5ʹ-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGA-3ʹ; and U6 forward, 5ʹ-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3ʹ and reverse, 5ʹ-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3ʹ. 18srRNA and U6 were used as endogenous controls for SNHG16 and miR-342-3p expression, respectively. Fold-change in expression was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCT method [12]. All experiments were repeated in independent triplicate.
Cell proliferation, cycle, and apoptosis assay
Cell proliferation was evaluated using a CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS assay; Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The absorbance was measured at 490 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Cell Cycle Detection Kit (Keygentec, Nanjing, China) was used to assessed the cell cycle. An Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Keygentec, Nanjing, China) was used to assessed cell apoptosis. The percentages of the cell population in different phases and cell apoptosis were assessed with flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). All experiments were repeated in independent triplicate.
Western blotting
Total protein samples from cells were prepared with RIPA lysis buffer with protease inhibitor (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Equal quantities of denatured proteins (30 μg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. After blocking in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) with 5% skim milk at room temperature for 2 h, each membrane was washed with TBST three times and incubated overnight at 4 °C with diluted primary antibodies: anti-Cyclin D1 antibody (ab134175, 1/500), anti-total-Caspase-3 antibody (ab4051, 1/1000), anti-Cleaved-Caspase-3 (ab2302, 1:500), anti-total-Caspase-9 antibody (ab32539, 1/1000), anti-FOXO3A (ab109629, 1:1000), anti-Bax (ab32503, 1:5000), anti-Bcl-2 (ab32124, 1:1000), anti-Cleaved Caspase-9 (ab2324, 1:100), anti- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) antibody (ab32089, 1/1000); anti-p-AKT antibody (ab8805, 1/500); anti-AKT antibody (ab16789, 1/1000), and anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody (ab181602, 1/2000). After incubation, membranes were washed with TBST three times, then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody (ab205718, 1/3000) for 2 h at room temperature and then washed with TBST three times. Finally, the proteins were quantified using enhanced chemiluminescence (Keygentec) and ChemiDoc™ XRS systems (Bio-Rad).
Luciferase reporter assays
StarBase 3.0 software was used to predict miRNAs that targeted SNHG16. There are two miR-342-3p binding sites in the region of SNHG16. Wild-type SNHG16 (WT-SNHG16) containing putative miR-342-3p binding sites and SNHG16 containing mutated binding sites (MUT-SNHG16) (two miR-342-3p binding sites) were synthesized and then cloned into the luciferase reporter vector psi-CHECK-2 (Promega, Wisconsin, WI, USA). For luciferase reporter assays, HEK293 cells were co-transfected with luciferase reporter plasmids and miR-342-3p mimics, miR-342-3p inhibitor, or a negative control miRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. At 48 h post-transfection, cells were collected and relative luciferase activity was assessed using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The relative luciferase activity was normalized with Renilla luciferase activity. All experiments were repeated in independent triplicate.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 statistical software (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences were analyzed with t-test or one-way ANOVA. A P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results
SNHG16 is significantly up-regulated in MM samples and MM cells
First, we found that SNHG16 expression was significantly up-regulated in MM patients compared with that in controls (normal marrow tissue) (Fig. 1a). Additionally, SNHG16 expression was significantly up-regulated in MM cell (RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929) compared with that in PBMC (Fig. 1b). The result suggested that SNHG16 might be involved in the progression of MM.
Knockdown of SNHG16 suppresses cell proliferation in MM cells
To investigate the biological function of SNHG16 in MM, SNHG16 was knocked-down in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells by transfection with si-SNHG16 (Fig. 2a). SNHG16 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation (Fig. 2b, c), arrested cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase (Fig. 2d), and promoted cell apoptosis (Fig. 3a, b) both in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells compared with corresponding negative control (si-NC). Whereas, we found that PBMCs proliferation had no significant change between si-SNHG16 and si-NC groups (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Additionally, SNHG16 knockdown markedly promoted the expression of cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, Foxo3a, and Bax, markedly inhibited the expression of CCND1, Cyclin D1, PI3K, p-AKT, and Bcl-2, and had no effect on the expression of AKT and total caspase 3/9 in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells (Fig. 3c–e).
SNHG16 directly interacts with miR-342-3p
To further investigate the molecular mechanism of SNHG16 on MM cell proliferation and apoptosis, potential target miRNAs were predicted using StarBase 3.0 online bioinformatics software. Two miR-342-3p binding sites in the region of SNHG16 were predicted (Fig. 4a). To confirm this predication, luciferase reporter assay was performed. The result revealed that miR-342-3p mimics markedly decreased the relative luciferase activity of the WT-SNHG16, while miR-342-3p inhibitor markedly increased the relative luciferase activity of the WT-SNHG16, but both had no effect on MUT-SNHG16 (Fig. 4b). In addition, miR-342-3p expression was significantly inhibited in MM tissues and RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells (Fig. 4c, d). SNHG16 knockdown significantly increased miR-342-3p expression both in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells (Fig. 4e). These data indicated the direct interaction of SNHG16 with miR-342-3p in MM.
Overexpression miR-342-3p suppresses MM cell proliferation in MM cells
Next, we first overexpressed miR-342-3p in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells by transfection with miR-342-3p mimics. qRT-PCR revealed the significant overexpression of miR-342-3p in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells after transfection with miR-342-3p mimics compared with that transfected with miR-NC (Fig. 5a). Overexpression miR-342-3p significantly suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase (Fig. 5b–d), and promoted cell apoptosis (Fig. 6a, b) in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells. The overexpression of miR-342-3p markedly promoted the expression levels of cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, Foxo3a, and Bax, markedly inhibited the expression of CCND1, Cyclin D1, PI3K, p-AKT, and Bcl-2, and had no effect on the expression levels of AKT and total caspase 3/9 in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells (Fig. 6c–e).
MiR-342-3p inhibition attenuates the effect of SNHG16 knockdown on cell proliferation in MM cells
To further verify that SNHG16 exerts its biological role by regulating miR-342-3p, a rescue experiment was performed by inhibiting miR-342-3p expression in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells with SNHG16 knockdown. The expression of miR-342-3p was significantly decreased in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells transfected with si-SNHG16 and miR-342-3p inhibitor (Fig. 7a). Moreover, miR-342-3p inhibition promoted cell proliferation (Fig. 7b, c), enhanced cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase (Fig. 7d), and suppressed apoptosis (Fig. 8a, b) in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells transfected with si-SNHG16. Additionally, the miR-342-3p inhibitor elevated the expression levels of CCND1, Cyclin D1, PI3K, p-AKT, and Bcl-2, decreased expression of cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, Foxo3a, and Bax, and had no effect on AKT and total caspase 3/9 expression in RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells transfected with si-SNHG16 (Fig. 8c–e).
Discussion
Abnormal expression of lncRNAs contribute to the tumorigenesis and development of MM, and can act as valuable diagnosis markers and attractive therapeutic targets for MM [13, 14]. In the present study, SNHG16 expression was markedly increased in tissue from MM patients. Furthermore, SNHG16 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and promoted apoptosis of MM cells by sponging miR-342-3p. Thus, SNHG16 may serve as a novel biomarker for MM.
SNHG16 is reportedly increased and acts as a tumor promoting role in various cancers. For example, Xie et al. [15] found that SNHG16 was up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines, and that SNHG16 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion and tumorigenesis. Liu et al. [7] reported that SNHG16 was increased in pancreatic cancer tissues, SNHG16 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and metastasis. Presently, SNHG16 expression was markedly up-regulated in samples from MM patients and in cell lines. Function assays showed that SNHG16 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase, and promoted cell apoptosis in MM cells, similar with the roles of SNHG16 in hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. The PI3K/AKT pathway has been demonstrated to play a central role in cell growth and proliferation, and is associated with various cancers [16]. To further investigate the regulatory mechanism of SNHG7 on MM cell proliferation at the protein level, we focused on the effect of SNHG16 knockdown on the expression of relevant proteins. SNHG16 knockdown promoted cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9 expression, Foxo3a, and Bax, markedly inhibited CCND1, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, PI3K, and p-AKT expression in MM cells. Thus, SNHG16 might acted as an oncogene and promote cell proliferation and apoptosis by regulating PI3K/AKT pathway in MM cells.
Recent evidence has indicated that lncRNAs can function as molecular sponges for miRNAs to regulate the expression and function of target miRNAs [17]. SNHG16 has been reported to function as a molecular sponge for multiple miRNAs in cancers, such as miR-98-5p [18], miR-135a [8], and miR-373 [19]. We investigated the molecule mechanism of SNHG16 regulation in the progression of MM by using bioinformatics analysis to predict putative binding miRNAs. Researchers have reported miR-342-3p as tumor suppressors in various cancers. For instance, overexpression of miR-342-3p inhibits cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma through the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1-mediated Warburg effect [20]. miR-342-3p inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell growth and migration by targeting Anterior Gradient 2 [10]. Here, we predicted that SNHG16 shares two complementary binding sites for miR-342-3p. Furthermore, SNHG16 functioned as a molecular sponge for miR-342-3p and SNHG16 knockdown significantly increased miR-342-3p expression in MM cells. Importantly, we further demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-342-3p has similar effects with SNHG16 knockdown on MM cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, and related protein expression, while repression of miR-342-3p could rescue the effect of SNHG16 knockdown on MM cell proliferation, cycle arrest, apoptosis, and related protein expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that SNHG16 has an oncogenic role by sponging miR-342-3p in MM cells.
Conclusion
SNHG16 was up-regulated in MM tissues, knockdown of SNHG16 suppresses cell proliferation, induced cycle arrest, and promoted apoptosis of MM cells by sponging miR-342-3p. These findings may contribute to a better understanding the role of SNHG16 in MM pathogenesis. SNHG16 might be a potential target for treatment of MM.
Availability of data and materials
The data supporting the conclusions of this paper are included within the article.
References
Spitzer TR, Sachs DH, Cosimi B. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(24):2364 (author reply 2364).
Fu J. Cx43 expressed on bone marrow stromal cells plays an essential role in multiple myeloma cell survival and drug resistance. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(1):236–45.
McCullough KB, Hobbs MA, Abeykoon JP, Kapoor P. Common adverse effects of novel therapies for multiple myeloma (mm) and their management strategies. Curr Hematol Malignancy Rep. 2018;13(2):114–24.
Naymagon L, Abdul-Hay M. Novel agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a review about the future. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9(1):52.
Meng H, Han L, Hong C, Ding J, Huang Q. Aberrant lncRNA expression in multiple myeloma. Oncol Res. 2018;26(5):809–16.
Liu D, Wang J, Liu M. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in multiple myeloma by inhibiting miR-29b-3p. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(3):BSR20182489.
Liu S, Zhang W, Liu K, Liu Y. LncRNA SNHG16 promotes tumor growth of pancreatic cancer by targeting miR-218-5p. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;114:108862.
Wang X, Kan J, Han J, Zhang W, Bai L, Wu H. LncRNA SNHG16 functions as an oncogene by sponging MiR-135a and promotes JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in gastric cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10(4):1013–22.
Liu N, Yang J, Yuan R, Peng J, Liu L, Guo X. Effects of miR181a on the biological function of multiple myeloma. Oncol Rep. 2019;42(1):291–300.
Xue X, Fei X, Hou W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Hu R. MiR-342-3p suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting AGR2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2018;412:170–8.
Zhang S, Liu L, Lv Z, Li Q, Gong W, Wu H. MicroRNA-342-3p inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by targeting astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Oncol Res. 2017;25(9):1505–15.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−∆∆C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–8.
Chen L, Hu N, Wang C, Zhao H, Gu Y. Long non-coding RNA CCAT1 promotes multiple myeloma progression by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-181a-5p to modulate HOXA1 expression. Cell Cycle. 2018;17(3):319–29.
Pu J, Huang H, Su J, Yuan J, Cong H, Wang X, Ju S. Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA XLOC_013703 promotes cell growth via NF-κB pathway in multiple myeloma. IUBMB Life. 2019;71(9):1240.
Xie X, Xu X, Sun C, Yu Z. Long intergenic noncoding RNA SNHG16 interacts with miR-195 to promote proliferation, invasion and tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res. 2019;383:111501.
Pavlidou A, Vlahos NF. Molecular alterations of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. Sci World J. 2014;2014:709736.
Chan JJ, Tay Y. Noncoding RNA: RNA regulatory networks in cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(5):1310.
Liao S, Xing S, Ma Y. LncRNA SNHG16 sponges miR-98-5p to regulate cellular processes in osteosarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019;83(6):1065–74.
Zhou XY, Liu H, Ding ZB, Xi HP, Wang GW. LncRNA SNHG16 promotes glioma tumorigenicity through miR-373/EGFR axis by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Genomics. 2019;112:1021.
Liu W, Kang L, Han J, Wang Y, Shen C, Yan Z, Tai Y, Zhao C. miR-342-3p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation through inhibition of IGF-1R-mediated Warburg effect. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:1643–53.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the Jiangsu Key Medical Discipline of “Qiangwei Project”(Hematology): No. ZDXKB2016009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by XY, HH, XW, HL. The first draft of the manuscript was written by XY and HH. And all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study obtained approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University. Informed written consent for the use of the tissue samples was obtained from all patients and healthy controls.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Additional file 1: Fig. S1.
Knockdown of SNHG16 had no effect on PBMCs proliferation. a SNHG16 expression level in PBMCs cell was measured using qRT-PCR at 48 h after transfected. b Cell proliferation of PBMCs cells was examined by the MTS assay at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after transfected.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, X., Huang, H., Wang, X. et al. Knockdown of lncRNA SNHG16 suppresses multiple myeloma cell proliferation by sponging miR-342-3p. Cancer Cell Int 20, 38 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-1118-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-1118-1