Abstract
This paper is concerned with the existence of homoclinic solutions for a class of second order p-Laplacian systems with impulsive effects. A new result is obtained under more relaxed conditions by using the mountain pass theorem, a weak convergence argument, and a weak version of Lieb’s lemma.
MSC: 34C37, 35A15, 37J45, 47J30.
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1 Introduction
Consider homoclinic solutions of the following problem:
where , is of class , , , , and as . ℤ denotes the sets of integers, and () are impulsive points. Moreover, there exist a positive integer m and a positive constant T such that , , , . and represent the right and left limits of at , respectively.
When and , problem (1.1) becomes the following problem:
By using the mountain pass theorem, a weak convergence argument, and a weak version of Lieb’s methods, Fang and Duan [1] investigated homoclinic solutions of problem (1.2) and obtained the following main result.
Theorem A
[1]
Assume that the following conditions hold:
(V1): there exists a positive number T such that
(V2): uniformly for;
(V3): there exists a constantsuch that
(V4): there exist constantsandsuch that
(I): there exists a constantwithsuch that
Then problem (1.2) possesses a nontrivial weak homoclinic orbit.
For , problem (1.1) involves impulsive effects. It is well known that impulsive differential equations are used in various fields of science and technology, for example, many biological phenomena involving thresholds, bursting rhythm models in medicine and biology, optimal control models in economics, pharmacokinetics, and frequency modulated systems, and so on. For more details of impulsive differential equations, we refer the readers to the books [2], [3].
Recently, the existence and multiplicity of solutions for impulsive differential equations via variational methods have been investigated by some researchers. See for example [4]–[17] and references therein. However, there are few papers [1], [18]–[20] concerning homoclinic solutions of impulsive differential equations by variational methods. So it is a novel method to employ variational methods to investigate the existence of homoclinic solutions for impulsive differential equations.
Motivated by the above papers, we will establish a new result for (1.1).
Let
where denotes the space of sequences whose second powers are summable on ℤ, that is,
The space is equipped with the following norm:
Similar to [1], we can check that E is a Banach space with the norm given by
It is obvious that
with the embedding being continuous. Here () denotes the Banach spaces of functions on ℝ with values in ℝ under the norm
Here and in subsequence, and denote the inner product and norm in ℝ, respectively. () denote different positive constants. Now, we state our main result.
Theorem 1.1
Suppose that a, I, and V satisfy (V1) and the following conditions:
(A): , , andas;
(V2)′: , , and there exists a constantsuch that
(V3)′: there is a constantsuch that
(V5): and there exists a constantsuch that
(I)′: , and there exists a constant c withsuch that
Then problem (1.1) has a nontrivial homoclinic solution.
2 Preliminaries
Lemma 2.1
[21]
Let E be a real Banach space and, , be such thatand
Let
Then, for each, , there existssuch that
-
(i)
;
-
(ii)
;
-
(iii)
.
Lemma 2.2
Assume that (V3)′ and (V5) hold. Then for every,
-
(i)
is nondecreasing on ;
-
(ii)
is nonincreasing on .
The proof of Lemma 2.2 is routine and we omit it. Similar to [21]–[23], we have the following lemma.
Lemma 2.3
For any, the following inequalities hold:
where, from (A).
The following lemma comes from [1], which is similar to a weak version of Lieb’s lemma [24].
Lemma 2.4
[1]
Ifis bounded in E anddoes not converge to 0 in measure, then there exist a sequenceand a subsequenceofsuch thatin E.
The functional φ corresponding to (1.1) on E is given by
Lemma 2.5
If (V1), (A), (I)′, and (V2)′ hold, thenand
Furthermore, the critical points of φ in E are classical solutions of (1.1) with.
Proof
Firstly, we show that . By (V2)′, for any given , there exists such that
Then, by and (2.3), we have
From (2.4), we have
From (I)′ and Lemma 2.3, we have
It follows from (2.1), (2.5), and (2.6) that . Next we prove that . Rewrite φ as follows:
where
It is easy to check that and
Next we prove that and
By (2.3), we have
Let in E, so for almost every , we have
and
Then by (2.7), (2.8), (2.9), and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem, we have
Therefore, for any and for any function , from (2.10), we have
Now, we prove that . From (2.11), in E and , we have
This shows that . Therefore and (2.2) holds. Finally, we prove that the critical points of φ in E are classical solutions of (1.1) with . Let be a critical point of φ, then for any , we have
Let such that for any , , and . Hence, we have
which implies that
The proof is complete. □
3 Proof of Theorem 1.1
Proof of Theorem 1.1
Firstly, we prove that under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1, there exist and such that and
It is easy to see that . From (V2)′, there exists such that
By and (3.1), we have
Let , it follows from Lemma 2.3 that . From (2.6) and (3.2), we have
Since , we know that . From Lemma 2.2(ii), we have for any
where , . Take such that
and for . For , from Lemma 2.2(i) and (3.5), we get
where . From (2.1), (2.6), (3.4), (3.5), (3.6), we get for
Since and , it follows from (3.7) that there exists such that and . Set , then , and .
Secondly, we prove that under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1, there exists a bounded sequence in E such that
where , . Furthermore, does not converge to 0 in measure.
From (I)′ and Lemma 2.3, we have
From (2.1), (2.2), (2.6), (3.9), (V3)′, and (V5), we have
Since , the above inequalities implies that there exists a constant such that
By (V2)′, we have
which implies that
For any , there exists such that
It follows from (3.10), (3.12), and (3.13) that
If converges to 0 in measure, from (I)′ and (3.14), we have
This is a contradiction. Hence, (3.8) holds and does not converge to 0 in measure.
Finally, from (3.10), we know that in E, what we need to do is to prove that . By (3.8), does not converge to 0 in measure and Lemma 2.4, there exists a sequence in ℤ such that in E. For any fixed , set and . Then () are impulsive points and
For any with , by (V1) and (A), we have
By (3.17), we have
where is the dual space of E. Equation (3.18) implies that
For any , let for and for . Then from (2.2), we have
Since as and in E, it follows from (3.8) that
and
It follows from (3.20), (3.21), (3.22), and (3.23) that
Assume that for some , . Since
and
then it follows from (3.25), (3.26), (3.27), (3.28), (3.29), and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem that
and
For any and , take sufficiently large such that
Since in E, in , therefore uniformly converges to u in . By the continuity of I, there exists such that, for , we have
From (I)′, we have
where . Similarly, we have
It follows from (3.33), (3.34), (3.35), and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality that
It follows from (3.36) that
Notice that
Hence, from (3.30), (3.31), (3.37), and (3.38), we have
Therefore, and u is a nontrivial homoclinic solution of φ. □
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Education Office of China (No. 2013LX171) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Guilin University of Aerospace Technology (No. YJ1301).
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Li, L., Chen, K. Existence of homoclinic solutions for a class of second order p-Laplacian systems with impulsive effects. Bound Value Probl 2014, 220 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-014-0220-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-014-0220-5