Abstract
In this paper, we obtain a fixed point theorem for mappings satisfying cyclic φ-contractive conditions in complete metric spaces, which gives a positive answer to the question raised by Radenović (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2015:189, 2015). We also find that this result and the fixed point result satisfying cyclic weak ϕ-contractions given by Karapınar (Appl. Math. Lett. 24:822-825, 2011) are independent of each other. Furthermore, when the number of cyclic sets is odd, we obtain fixed point theorems satisfying cyclic weak ϕ-contractions and cyclic φ-contractions in the setting of generalized metric spaces.
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1 Introduction and preliminaries
The main purpose of this paper is to answer an open question raised by Radenović in [1]. In order to go further, we attempt to extend our result and the result established by Karapınar [2, 3] to the setting of generalized metric spaces. We show these results are valid in generalized metric spaces when the number of cyclic sets is odd.
Let us recall the definition of a comparison function.
Definition 1.1
[4]
A function \(\varphi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) is called a comparison function if it satisfies:
- (i) φ :
-
φ is increasing;
- (ii) φ :
-
\((\varphi^{n}(t))_{n\in\mathbb{{N}}}\) converges to 0 as \(n\to\infty\), for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\).
If the condition (ii) φ is replaced by
- (iii) φ :
-
\(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\varphi^{k}(t)<\infty\), for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\),
then φ is called a strong comparison function.
It is clear that a strong comparison function is a comparison function, but the converse is not true.
Example 1.2
Let \(\varphi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) be defined by \(\varphi(t)=\frac {t}{1+t}\). Then φ is a comparison function, but it is not a strong comparison function. In fact,
for all \(t>0\). Consequently, for every \(t>0\), \((\varphi^{n}(t))\) converges to 0 as \(n\to\infty\), but \(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\varphi^{k}(t)=\infty\).
Many authors considered fixed point results about cyclic φ-contractions in setting of different type of spaces; see, for example, [1–11]. Particularly, in [1], Radenović obtained a fixed point theorem for non-cyclic φ-contraction, where φ is comparison function, and raised the following question.
Question 1.3
Prove or disprove the following.
Let \(\{A_{i}\}_{i}^{p}\) be nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space, and suppose \(f: \bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\to\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) satisfies the following conditions (where \(A_{p+1}=A_{1}\)):
-
(i)
\(f(A_{i})\subset A_{i+1}\) for \(1\leq i\leq p\);
-
(ii)
there exists a comparison function \(\varphi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty )\) such that
$$d(fx,fy)\leq\varphi\bigl(d(x,y)\bigr), $$for any \(x\in A_{i}\), \(y\in A_{i+1}\), \(1\leq i\leq p\).
Then f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and a Picard iteration \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\geq1}\) given by \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\) converging to \(x^{*}\) for any starting point \(x_{0} \in\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
In Section 2, we give an answer to Question 1.3. In Section 3, we obtain a fixed point theorem for a mapping satisfying cyclic weak ϕ-contractions and cyclic φ-contractions in complete generalized metric spaces, where the number of cyclic sets is odd.
2 Answer of Question 1.3
We start this section by presenting the notion of cyclic φ-contraction.
Definition 2.1
Let \((X,d)\) be a metric space, \(p\in\mathbb{N}\), \(A_{1},\ldots,A_{p}\) nonempty subsets of X, and \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). An operator \(f: Y\to Y\) is called a cyclic φ-contraction if:
-
(i)
\(\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to f;
-
(ii)
there exists a comparison function \(\varphi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty )\) such that
$$ d(fx,fy)\leq\varphi\bigl(d(x,y)\bigr), $$(2.1)for any \(x\in A_{i}\), \(y\in A_{i+1}\), where \(A_{p+1}=A_{1}\).
Theorem 2.2
Let \((X,d)\) be a complete metric space, \(p\in\mathbb{N}\), \(A_{1},\ldots ,A_{p}\) nonempty closed subsets of X, and \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Assume that \(f: Y\to Y\) is a cyclic φ-contraction. Then f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and a Picard iteration \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\geq1}\) given by \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\) converging to \(x^{*}\) for any starting point \(x_{0} \in\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Proof
Let \(x_{0}\) be an arbitrary point in Y. Define the sequence \(\{x_{n}\}\) in Y by \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) . If there exists \(n_{0}\) such that \(x_{n_{0}+1}=x_{n_{0}}\) then \(fx_{n_{0}}=x_{n_{0}+1}=x_{n_{0}}\) and the existence of the fixed point is proved. Consequently, we always assume that \(x_{n}\neq x_{n+1}\) for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).
Step 1. We will prove that
Using (2.1), we have
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). From this, we deduce that
Using the definition of φ, we get
using the triangle inequality, we have
for \(k=2,3,\ldots,p\). Combining this and (2.4), we conclude that (2.2) holds.
Step 2. We will prove the following claim.
Claim
For every \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) such that if \(n>m>N\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) then \(d(x_{n},x_{m})<\varepsilon\).
In fact, if the claim is not true, then there exists \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\) such that for any \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) we can find \(n>m>N\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) satisfying \(d(x_{n},x_{m})\geq\varepsilon_{0}\). By (2.2), corresponding to this \(\varepsilon_{0}\), there exists \(n_{0}\) such that if \(n>n_{0}\) then
Taking \(N=n_{0}\), we can find that \(n_{1}'>m_{1}>n_{0}\) with \(n_{1}'-m_{1}\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) such that \(d(x_{n_{1}'},x_{m_{1}})\geq\varepsilon_{0}\). Due to (2.5), we can choose a \(n_{1}\in\{m_{1}+p+1,m_{1}+2p+1,\ldots,n_{1}'\}\) in such a way that it is smallest integer satisfying \(d(x_{n_{1}},x_{m_{1}})\geq\varepsilon_{0}\). Then we obtain
Taking \(N=n_{1}\), we can find that \(n_{2}'>m_{2}>n_{1}\) with \(n_{2}'-m_{2}\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) such that \(d(x_{n_{2}'},x_{m_{2}})\geq\varepsilon_{0}\). Similar to the choice of \(n_{1}\), we can get a \(n_{2}\in\{m_{2}+p+1,m_{2}+2p+1,\ldots,n_{2}'\}\) such that
Continuing the above process, by induction, we obtain two subsequences \(\{x_{m_{k}}\}\) and \(\{x_{n_{k}}\}\) of \(\{x_{n}\}\) such that
Now, using (2.6) and the triangle inequality, we have
Letting \(k\to\infty\) in the above inequality, using (2.2), we obtain
Using the triangle inequality, we get
and
Letting \(k\to\infty\) in the above two inequalities, using (2.2) and (2.7), we get
Now, using (2.1) and (2.6), we have
Taking the limit in (2.9) as \(k\to\infty\), from (2.8), we see
which is a contradiction with \(\varphi(\varepsilon_{0})<\varepsilon_{0}\). Therefore our claim is proved.
Step 3. We will prove \(\{x_{n}\}\) is a Cauchy sequence in X.
Let \(\varepsilon>0\) be given. Using the claim, we find that \(N_{1}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that if \(n>m>N_{1}\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) then
On the other hand, using (2.4), we also find \(N_{2}\in\mathbb{N}\) such that, for any \(n>N_{2}\),
Let \(n,m>N=\max\{N_{1},N_{2}\}\) with \(n>m\). Then we can find a \(s\in\{ 0,1,2,\ldots,p-1\}\) such that \(n-(m+s)\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\). Using the triangle inequality, we obtain
This proves that \(\{x_{n}\}\) is a Cauchy sequence.
Step 4. We will prove f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
As X is a complete metric space, there exists \(x\in X\) such that \(\lim_{n\to\infty} x_{n}=x\). Using the cyclic character of f, there exists a subsequence of \(\{x_{n}\}\) for which belongs to \(A_{i}\) for \(i\in\{1,2,\ldots,p\}\). Hence, from \(A_{i}\) is closed, we see that \(x\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Now, we consider the restriction \(f|_{\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}}\) of f on \(\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Since \(\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) is also complete, by Theorem 2.3 in [1], we see that f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\) in \(\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Step 5. We prove that the Picard iteration converges to \(x^{*}\) for any initial point \(x_{0}\in\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Using (2.1), we have
From this, we see that
Using the definition of φ, we conclude that \(x_{n}\to x^{*}\) as \(n\to\infty\).
This completes the proof. □
Remark 2.3
From Theorem 2.2, we see that the open question raised by Radenović (that is, Question 1.3) has been answered.
Remark 2.4
Following the idea of Radenović in [1], we see that Theorem 2.3 in [1] and Theorem 2.2 are equivalent.
3 Cyclic weak ϕ-contractions and cyclic φ-contractions in generalized metric spaces
In 2000, Branciari [12] introduced the notion of generalized metric space and proved the Banach fixed point theorem in such spaces. For more information, the reader can refer to [13–17]. For some notions and facts about generalized metric spaces, one may wish to see [12].
In [3], Karapınar gave a fixed point results satisfying cyclic weak ϕ-contractions. For convenience, we rewrite his theorem (i.e., [3], Theorem 2) as the following equivalent statement.
Theorem 3.1
Let \((X,d)\) be a complete metric space, \(p\in\mathbb{N}\), \(A_{1},\ldots ,A_{p}\) closed nonempty subsets of X, \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and \(f: Y\to Y\) an operator. Assume that:
-
(i)
\(\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to f;
-
(ii)
there exists a function \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) with \(\phi (t)< t\) and \(t-\phi(t)\) is nondecreasing for \(t\in(0,\infty)\) and \(\phi(0)=0\) such that
$$d(fx,fy)\leq\phi\bigl(d(x,y)\bigr), $$for any \(x\in A_{i}\), \(y\in A_{i+1}\), where \(A_{p+1}=A_{1}\).
Then f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Based on the concept of cyclic weak ϕ-contraction, we can introduce the following notion.
Definition 3.2
A function \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) is called a (w)-comparison function if it satisfies:
- (i) ϕ :
-
\(\phi(0)=0\);
- (ii) ϕ :
-
\(\phi(t)< t\), for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\);
- (iii) ϕ :
-
the function \(\psi(t):=t-\phi(t)\) is increasing, i.e., \(t_{1}\leq t_{2}\) implies \(\psi(t_{1})\leq\psi(t_{2})\), for \(t_{1},t_{2}\in [0,\infty)\).
Lemma 3.3
If \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) is a \((w)\)-comparison function, then the following hold:
-
(1)
\(\phi(t)\leq t\), for any \(t\in[0,\infty)\);
-
(2)
for \(k\geq1\), \(\phi^{k}(t)< t\), for any \(t\in(0,\infty)\);
-
(3)
\((\phi^{n}(t))_{n\in\mathbb{{N}}}\) converges to 0 as \(n\to\infty\), for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\).
Proof
From the definition of ϕ, it is easy to verify that (1), (2), and (3) hold. Now, we only prove that (3) holds. Let \(t\in (0,\infty)\). Then we have
This means that \((\phi^{n}(t))_{n\in\mathbb{{N}}}\) is a decreasing sequence of non-negative real numbers. Therefore, there exists \(r\geq0\) such that \(\lim_{n\to\infty}\phi^{n}(t)=r\). Suppose that \(r>0\). Then \(\phi(r)< r\) and \(r-\phi(r)>0\). Since \(r=\inf\{ \phi^{n}(t): n\in\mathbb{N}\}\), \(0< r\leq\phi^{n}(t)\), for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). By the definition of ϕ, we get
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Letting \(n\to\infty\) in the above inequality, we obtain \(r-\phi(r)\leq r-r=0\) and this contradicts \(r-\phi(r)>0\). □
The next are two basic examples of the comparison function and the \((w)\)-comparison function.
Example 3.4
Let \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) be defined by
Then ϕ is a comparison function. But ϕ is not a \((w)\)-comparison function because \(t-\phi(t)\) is not increasing.
Example 3.5
Let \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)\) be defined by
Then ϕ is a \((w)\)-comparison function. But ϕ is not a comparison function because \(\phi(t)\) is not increasing.
Remark 3.6
From Example 3.4 and Example 3.5, we see that the comparison function and the \((w)\)-comparison function do not imply each other. Consequently, Theorem 2 in [3] and Theorem 2.2 are independent of each other.
Now we carry over the concept of cyclic weak ϕ-contraction to generalized metric space.
Definition 3.7
Let \((X,d)\) be a generalized metric space, \(p\in\mathbb{N}\), \(A_{1},\ldots ,A_{p}\) nonempty subsets of X and \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). An operator \(f: Y\to Y\) is called a cyclic weak ϕ-contraction if:
-
(i)
\(\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to f;
-
(ii)
there exists a \((w)\)-comparison function \(\phi:[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty )\) such that
$$ d(fx,fy)\leq\phi\bigl(d(x,y)\bigr), $$(3.1)for any \(x\in A_{i}\), \(y\in A_{i+1}\), where \(A_{p+1}=A_{1}\).
Theorem 3.8
Let \((X,d)\) be a complete generalized metric space, p an odd number, \(A_{1},\ldots,A_{p}\) nonempty closed subsets of X and \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Assume that \(f: Y\to Y\) is a cyclic weak ϕ-contraction. Then f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and a Picard iteration \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\geq1}\) given by \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\) converging to \(x^{*}\) for any starting point \(x_{0} \in\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Proof
Let \(x_{0}\in Y\), and \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) . If there exists \(n_{0}\) such that \(x_{n_{0}+1}=x_{n_{0}}\) then \(fx_{n_{0}}=x_{n_{0}+1}=x_{n_{0}}\) and the existence of the fixed point is proved. Consequently, we will assume that \(x_{n}\neq x_{n+1}\) for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).
Step 1. We will prove that \(x_{n}\neq x_{m}\) for all \(n\neq m\).
Suppose that \(x_{n}= x_{m}\) for some \(n\neq m\). Without loss of generality, we may assume that \(n>m+1\). Due to the property of ϕ, we see that
By Lemma 3.3(2), we get \(\phi ^{n-m}(d(x_{m},x_{m+1}))< d(x_{m},x_{m+1})\), which is a contradiction.
Step 2. We will prove that
Using (3.1), we get
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Using the definition of ϕ, we see that
This implies the sequence \(\{d(x_{n},x_{n+1})\}\) is decreasing and bounded below. Consequently, \(d(x_{n},x_{n+1})\to r\) for some \(r\geq0\). Suppose that \(r>0\). Then \(\phi(r)< r\). Using the definition of ϕ and \(d(x_{n},x_{n+1})\geq r\), we get
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). From \(d(x_{n+1},x_{n+2})\leq\phi(d(x_{n},x_{n-1}))\), we see that
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Letting \(n\to\infty\) in the above inequality, we get \(r-\phi(r)\leq0\), which is a contradiction with \(\phi(r)< r\). Thus, we conclude that
Using the rectangular inequality, we get
From (3.4), we see that \(d(x_{n},x_{n+3})\to0\) as \(n\to\infty\). By induction, we deduce that
Now, we prove
Since \(x_{n}\) and \(x_{n+p-1}\) lie in different adjacently labeled sets \(A_{i}\) and \(A_{i+1}\) for certain \(i\in\{1,2,\ldots,p\}\), from (3.1) we get
Similar to the proof of the conclusion (3.4), we can deduce that \(\{d(x_{n},x_{n+p-1})\}\) is decreasing and converges to 0. This means that (3.6) holds.
For \(k=2,4,\ldots,p-3\), using the rectangular inequality, we have
Since \(p-k\) is odd, from (3.5) we get
Therefore, from (3.5), (3.6), (3.7), and (3.8) we conclude that
Combining (3.4) and (3.9), we see (3.2) is proved.
Step 3. We will prove the following claim.
Claim
For every \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) such that if \(n>m>N\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) then \(d(x_{n},x_{m})<\varepsilon\).
In fact, if this is not true, then there exists \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\) such that for any \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) we can find \(n>m>N\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) satisfying \(d(x_{n},x_{m})\geq\varepsilon_{0}\). By the definition of ϕ, we get
Using (3.1), we get
By (3.10), (3.11), and the rectangular inequality, we obtain
From (3.3), it follows that
Therefore, \(\{d(x_{m+1},x_{m})\}\) does not converge to 0 as \(m\to\infty\), which contradicts (3.4).
Step 4. We will prove \(\{x_{n}\}\) is a Cauchy sequence in X.
Let \(\varepsilon>0\) be given. Using the claim, we find that \(N_{1}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that if \(n>m>N_{1}\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) then
On the other hand, using (3.2), we also find \(N_{2}\in\mathbb{N}\) such that, for any \(n>N_{2}\),
Let \(n,m>N=\max\{N_{1},N_{2}\}+1\) with \(n>m\). Then we can find \(s\in\{ 0,1,2,\ldots,p-1\}\) such that \(n-(m+s)\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\).
In the case where \(s=0\), we have
In the other case where \(s\geq1\), using the rectangular inequality we have
This proves that \(\{x_{n}\}\) is a Cauchy sequence.
Step 5. We will prove f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and the Picard iteration \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges to \(x^{*}\).
Since X is a complete generalized metric space, there exists \(x^{*}\in X\) such that \(\lim_{n\to\infty} x_{n}=x^{*}\). Using the cyclic character of f, there exists a subsequence of \(\{x_{n}\}\) for which belongs to \(A_{i}\) for \(i\in\{1,2,\ldots,p\}\). Hence, from \(A_{i}\) is closed for \(i\in\{1,2,\ldots,p\}\), we see that \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Now, we will prove \(d(x_{n},fx^{*})\to0\) as \(n\to\infty\). In fact, using (3.1), we have
which implies \(d(x_{n},fx^{*})\to0\) as \(n\to\infty\). Using Proposition 3 of [18], we deduce that \(fx^{*}=x^{*}\), i.e., \(x^{*}\) is a fixed point of f.
In order to prove that the uniqueness of the fixed point, we take \(y,z\in Y\) such that y and z are fixed points of f. The cyclic character of f implies that \(y,z\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p}A_{i}\). Using (3.1),
This means \(\phi(d(y,z))=d(y,z)\). Since \(\phi(t)>0\) for \(t>0\), we get \(d(y,z)=0\) and \(y=z\). This finishes the proof. □
Theorem 3.9
Let \((X,d)\) be a complete generalized metric space, p an odd number, \(A_{1},\ldots,A_{p}\) nonempty closed subsets of X and \(Y:=\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\). Assume that \(f: Y\to Y\) is a cyclic φ-contraction. Then f has a unique fixed point \(x^{*}\in\bigcap_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\) and a Picard iteration \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\geq1}\) given by \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\) converging to \(x^{*}\) for any starting point \(x_{0} \in\bigcup_{i=1}^{p} A_{i}\).
Proof
Let \(x_{0}\in Y\), and \(x_{n}=fx_{n-1}\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) .
Similar to the Step 1 and Step 2 in the proof of Theorem 3.8, we can prove
and
Now, we will prove the following claim.
Claim
For every \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) such that if \(n>m>N\) with \(n-m\equiv1 \operatorname{mod} p\) then \(d(x_{n},x_{m})<\varepsilon\).
In fact, in the opposite case, similar to the Step 2 in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we can find that \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\) and two subsequences \(\{x_{m_{k}}\}\) and \(\{x_{n_{k}}\}\) of \(\{x_{n}\}\) such that
Next, we only prove \(d(x_{n_{k}},x_{m_{k}})\to\varepsilon_{0}\) as \(k\to \infty\) because the other proof is the same as in the Step 2 of Theorem 2.2. In fact, using (3.13) and the rectangular inequality, we have
Letting \(k\to\infty\) in the above inequality, using (3.12), we obtain
Similar to Step 4 and Step 5 in the proof of Theorem 3.8, we can finish the proof. □
Example 3.10
Let \(X=\{1,2,3,4,5\}\). Define \(d:X\times X\to\infty\) by
Then \((X,d)\) is a generalized metric space. But d is not a metric on X because
Now, consider \(A_{1}=\{1,2,3\}\), \(A_{2}=\{3\}\), \(A_{3}=\{3,4,5\}\), and \(T : X\to X\) to be defined by
It is easy to prove that T satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 3.8 and Theorem 3.9 with \(\varphi(t)=\phi(t)=\frac{1}{2}t\). Using Theorem 3.8 or Theorem 3.9, we see that T has a unique fixed point. In fact, 3 is the unique fixed point of f. But we do not apply Theorem 2.2 or Theorem 2 in [3] because d is not a metric on X.
Finally, a natural question arises.
Question 3.11
If the number of cyclic sets is even, then we may ask whether Theorem 3.8 or Theorem 3.9 is valid or not.
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Acknowledgements
The first author is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11471236, 11570049). The second author is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11371185).
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He, F., Chen, A. Fixed points for cyclic φ-contractions in generalized metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2016, 67 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13663-016-0558-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13663-016-0558-8