Background

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vital Statistics show that between 2015 and 2021, 3498 Americans died from unintentional gun injuries, including 713 children 17 years and younger (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021, 2023). While the rate of unintentional gun deaths increased 8.7% among all ages in 2021, compared to 2015, the rate among children under 18 years old increased 82.0% during the same period (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021, 2023). These numbers are believed to be an underestimate as unintentional deaths are often misclassified in Vital Statistics as homicides, particularly for deaths of children (Schaechter et al. 2003; Barber and Hemenway 2011; Luo and McIntire 2013; Hemenway and Solnick 2015; Solnick and Hemenway 2019).

The number of children living in homes with firearms has grown in recent years. Researchers estimate that roughly 30 million American children live in homes with firearms—up 7 million since 2015 (Miller and Azrael 2022). Despite research showing that securely storing firearms (i.e., unloaded, locked, and separate from ammunition) can significantly reduce the risks of gun injuries (Grossman et al. 2005; Monuteaux et al. 2019; Violano et al. 2018), an estimated 54% of gun owners do not store their firearms securely (Crifasi et al. 2018). Roughly 4.6 million children live in households with at least one loaded and unlocked firearm (Miller and Azrael 2022). Although many gun owners believe that their children cannot access their firearms, many children know where guns are stored and can quickly access them (Baxley and Miller 2006; Simonetti et al. 2015; Salhi et al. 2021).

In recent years, there has been a growing body of research examining unintentional gun deaths most commonly utilizing the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) (Barber and Hemenway 2011; Hemenway and Solnick 2015; Solnick and Hemenway 2019) or the National Fatality Review Case Reporting System (NFR-CRS) (Trigylidas et al. 2021; Trigylidas et al. 2019). However, these studies are subject to some limitations. First, these datasets are limited to participating states. Second, while it is possible to extract data on the perpetrators of these shootings from the narratives provided in these records, these datasets are victim-centric and only include incidents resulting in a fatality.

Firearms have surpassed motor vehicles as the leading cause of death among children under 18 years old, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2023b) making it more urgent to identify opportunities for prevention. This study utilizes Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund’s (Everytown) #NotAnAccident Index, a perpetrator-centric dataset of unintentional shootings by children 17 and younger that result in gunshot injury or death having occurred in any of the 50 states and Washington, DC (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund 2023). Only one study that we are aware of has utilized this dataset, but limited its analysis to nonfatal and fatal firearm injuries among children ages 1–6 (Bleyer et al. 2021).

This study sought to assess the scope of unintentional shootings by children 17 years and younger in the United States to determine if differences exist by gender, age, victim type, location, weapon, state, and state-level secure storage laws.

Results

Characteristics of unintentional shootings by children

Over the seven years from January 2015 to December 2021, the #NotAnAccident Index recorded 2448 incidents of a child under the age of 18 unintentionally shooting themself or another person in the US (Table 1). These 2448 incidents resulted in 926 people shot and killed (0.38 average per incident) and 1603 people shot and wounded (0.65 average per incident) over the study period. The number of victims per incident ranged from one to three, with the overwhelming majority of incidents resulting in one victim (one victim, 96.8%; two victims, 3.1%; three victims, 0.1%).

Table 1 Characteristics of unintentional shooting incidents by children, 2015–2021
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The majority of shooters (81.4%, 1993) and victims (76.1%, 1925) were male (Table 1). Shootings most often occurred in or around homes (71.4%, 1749), with shootings by younger children more likely to occur at home (82.4%, 0–5 years; 59.1%, 14–17 years; p < 0.01). Handguns were accessed in at least 53.0% (1298) of shootings. The weapon type is unknown for 37.8% of incidents. Excluding unknowns from the weapons total increases the proportion of handguns accessed to 85.3% (1298/1522).

Overall, children were as likely to shoot themselves (48.8%, 1195) as they were to shoot another person (47.2%, 1156) (Table 1). However, this varied by age group. Nearly three-quarters of children ages 0–5 years shot themselves (73.7%), whereas more than half of children and teens ages 6–13 and 14–17 shot someone else (54.7% and 58.3%, respectively; p < 0.01).

While inclusion criteria limits shooters in the dataset to be 17 years and younger, the age of victims ranged from a 1-month-old baby boy to a 77-year-old man (Table 1). The mean age of shooters was 10.0 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.5) and the mean age of victims was 10.9 years (SD 8.1). However, the majority of victims were under 18 years old (91.3%, 2310) (this number includes 46 victims who were under 18 years old, but their age group is unknown). A greater proportion of shooters were between the ages of 14 and 17 (36.5%, 894) than the share of toddlers ages 0–5 (31.2%, 763), whereas 14- to 17-year-olds (31.4%, 794) and 0- to 5-year-olds (31.1%, 786) were equally likely to be victims.

When children shoot another person, they are most likely to shoot someone within their same age group (Fig. 1). However, the percentage of victims in a different age group varied by age of the shooter. Among shooters ages 0–5 years old, adults 18 years and older make up the next largest proportion of victims (30.4%). In contrast, 6- to 13-year-olds are next most likely to shoot children 0–5 (18.2%), and teenagers 14–17 are second most likely to shoot 6- to 13-year-olds (18.7%).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Age of person shot in unintentional shootings by children, by shooting type and age of shooter and victim, 2015–2021. aP-value < 0.05 from chi-square test comparing this percentage to the percentage of children in this age category who shot themselves and no one else. bP-value < 0.05 from chi-square test comparing this percentage to the percentage of victims in this age category injured by 0 to 5 year-old shooters. Source: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund. #NotAnAccident Index, 2015–2021.

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Trends in unintentional shootings by children

The number of incidents per year ranged from 305 incidents in 2019 to 394 in 2021 (349.7 average incidents per year) (Fig. 2). The number of people shot and killed ranged from 101 in 2015 to 165 in 2021 (132.3 average per year), and the number of people shot and wounded ranged from 202 in 2019 to 248 in 2021 (229.0 average per year).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Source: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund. #NotAnAccident Index, 2015–2021

Unintentional shootings by children overall and rate per 1 million US children by age group of shooter, 2015–2021.

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Unintentional shootings by children incidents, deaths, and injuries increased during 2020 and 2021, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic (Fig. 2). Comparing incidents during March to December 2020 with the same period in 2019, incidents increased 23.6% (314 vs 254), deaths increased 33.3% (128 vs 96), injuries increased 17.1% (199 vs 170), and total victims increased 22.9% (327 vs 266). Comparing incidents during January to December 2021 with the same period in 2020, incidents increased 6.8% (394 vs 369), deaths increased 16.2% (165 vs 142), injuries increased 2.5% (248 vs 242), and total victims increased 7.6% (413 vs 384).

The recent increase in the incidents of unintentional shootings by children has been driven by children ages 5 years and younger (Fig. 2). The rate of unintentional shooting incidents by children ages 0–5 years was 3.6 per 1 million US children in 2019 and rose to 6.5 in 2021—an 80.6% increase. During the same period, the rate declined among teenagers 14–17 years old, dropping from 7.3 to 6.1—a 16.4% decrease.

Unintentional shootings by children by state

Unintentional shootings by children varied by state (Fig. 3). The 10 states with the highest rates per 1 million children were Louisiana (15.2), Mississippi (13.3), Alaska (11.7), Tennessee (11.1), Missouri (10.6), South Carolina (9.9), Alabama (9.4), Kentucky (8.8), Georgia (8.3), and Ohio (8.3). The 10 states where incidents were rare or never happened during this time period were Hawaii (0.0), Rhode Island (0.0), New Hampshire (0.6), Massachusetts (0.6), California (1.1), Wyoming (1.1), New Jersey (1.1), New York (1.3), Washington (1.8), and Connecticut (1.9). In the 10 states with the highest incident rates, the rates were on average 11 times higher than in the 10 states with the lowest rates (10.7 and 0.9, respectively).

Fig. 3
figure 3

State rates of unintentional shootings by children and state secure storage laws. Note Represents laws effective as of 2021. Six states strengthened laws during the study period (CO, ME, NV, NY, OR, WA). Source: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund. #NotAnAccident Index, 2015–2021.

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State-level secure storage laws and unintentional shootings by children

Compared with states with no secure storage laws, rates of unintentional shootings by children were 72% lower in states requiring secure storage when the gun is not in the owner’s possession (RR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.15–0.54, p < 0.01), 41% lower in states with laws that apply when a child is likely to access a gun (RR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.45–0.78, p < 0.01), and 24% lower in states with laws that apply when a child does access a gun (RR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.94, p = 0.01) (Table 2). States with laws that apply only if the gun owner intentionally or recklessly gives a child access to a gun had similar rates of unintentional shootings by children as those without any laws.

Table 2 The relationship between state-level secure gun storage laws and the rate of unintentional shootings by children
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Discussion

This study uses a unique data set that tracks unintentional shootings by children, including victims of all ages. We found that unintentional shootings by children are a persistent problem across the United States with incidents occurring in 48 of 50 states and Washington, DC, between 2015 and 2021. These shootings impacted more than 2000 families during this time period.

Many findings of this study are consistent with prior studies of unintentional injuries. Like prior studies, we found that the majority of shooters and victims were males (Hemenway and Solnick 2015; Solnick and Hemenway 2019; Price et al. 2021; Lee and Harris 1993; Sinauer et al. 1996) and that incidents most often occurred in or around homes (Lee and Harris 1993; Li et al. 1996; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019), and involved handguns (Sinauer et al. 1996; Martin et al. 1991; Ismach et al. 2003). Our findings differ from prior research in one area. Hemenway and Solnick found that cases where children unintentionally shoot adults are rare, particularly among young shooters (Hemenway and Solnick 2015). This analysis shows 7.7% of incidents involved a victim age 18 or older, and among incidents where the shooter shot someone else, 30.4% of victims shot by 0- to 5-year-olds were 18 years or older.

Researchers have been documenting the rise in gun violence during the COVID-19 pandemic (Cohen et al. 2021; Peña and Jena 2022; Donnelly et al. 2022; Ssentongo et al. 2021). Amidst a surge in gun sales in 2020 and 2021 (Nass and Barton 2022), this study shows an increase in unintentional shootings by children in 2020 and 2021 when children were spending more time at home, particularly during the first year of the pandemic.

Our analysis of the relationship between unintentional shooting incidents by children and four types of laws that hold gun owners or other adults liable for failing to prevent firearm access by children suggests the most restrictive laws were most protective and the laws became less protective the weaker they were. Previous researchers have examined the impact of secure storage (commonly referred to as Child Access Prevention (CAP) laws) on rates of injury or death finding that these laws are associated with decreases in unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among children (Azad et al. 2020; Hamilton et al. 2018; RAND Corporation 2020). To our knowledge we are the first to look at the impact of these laws on rates of unintentional shootings by children. We are also the first to measure secure storage laws in this way, based on Everytown’s Gun Law Rankings (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund 2022) and additional legal research, which include newly adopted and most restrictive laws requiring secure storage when the gun is not in the owner’s immediate possession. Our findings that states with the strongest laws related to preventing firearm access by children have the lowest rates of unintentional shootings by children, complement prior research and provide more evidence to support the passage of secure storage laws. However, this finding should be interpreted with the context that causality cannot be determined. We could not account for awareness of the laws and their influence on behavior change, or enforcement of these laws in our models. Research is needed on the enforcement of these laws and any racial disparities in charging decisions and convictions.

Regardless of whether a state has a secure storage law, this study suggests that adults need to take more action to ensure that guns are stored securely and inaccessible to children to prevent more of these tragedies. Research strongly links secure storage practices with decreased risk for firearm injury (Violano et al. 2018). One prior study found that households that locked both firearms and ammunition were associated with an 85 percent lower risk of unintentional firearm injuries among children, compared to those that locked neither (Grossman et al. 2005). Another study estimated that if half of households with children that contain at least one unlocked gun switched to locking all their guns, one-third of youth gun suicides and unintentional deaths could be prevented, saving an estimated 251 lives in a single year (Monuteaux et al. 2019).

Media reports of unintentional shootings by children reveal that children are accessing loaded guns left unsecured in closets and nightstand drawers, in backpacks and purses, underneath couch cushions, beds, and car seats, or just left out in plain view (Harris 2022; WLOS 2022; Garger 2021; Schnur 2022; Komer 2022; Edwards 2022; La Plante 2021; Kenton 2021). Efforts to teach children to stay away from guns have proven to be ineffective at modifying gun playing behavior (Holly et al. 2019), making it imperative to invest in prevention efforts focused on adults. Experts recommend that guns be stored unloaded, locked, and separate from ammunition (Lee et al. 2022; U.S. Government Accountability Office 2017).

Public awareness campaigns to promote public health have been effective at producing behavior change (Wakefield 2010; Akbari et al. 2021; Tan et al. 2022). While evaluation of such campaigns in the gun safety field is scant, several programs have been implemented, including the national Be SMART and End Family Fire campaigns. Emerging research on these two programs in clinical settings shows promising results (Silver et al. 2021; Gastineau et al. 2021; Clary et al. 2020; Hoops et al. 2021). The Be SMART campaign, implemented by volunteers for Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America, seeks to normalize conversations about secure gun storage, encouraging adults to follow five steps: Secure all guns in their homes and vehicles; Model responsible behavior around guns; Ask about the presence of unsecured guns in other homes; Recognize the role of guns in suicide; and Tell your peers to be SMART (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund 2023; Thomas et al. 2019). End Family Fire, a partnership between Brady and the Ad Council, is a national advertising campaign that promotes responsible gun ownership and encourages secure gun storage (Brady United Against Gun Violence and AD Council 2023). Both of these programs are adaptable to be implemented by various stakeholders including doctors (Silver et al. 2021; Gastineau et al. 2021; Clary et al. 2020; Hoops et al. 2021), educators (Sawchuk 2021), government officials (Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund 2020), and law enforcement (Woodland Park Police Department 2021), among others. Further research on the effectiveness of public education on secure firearm storage in community settings is needed.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatricians address firearm safety when counseling parents. Studies show these conversations can influence gun storage practices (Barkin et al. 2008). Clinician counseling on firearms has been shown to be particularly effective when combined with the distribution of free gun locks (Barkin et al. 2008; Rowhani-Rahbar et al. 2016; Carbone et al. 2005).

The main limitation of this study is the dataset is compiled from media reports. The number of unintentional shootings by children in this dataset is likely an underestimate because, as research has shown, the media fails to cover a significant portion of shooting incidents (Kaufman et al. 2020; Marvel et al. 2018). The extent to which incidents are undercounted more often in states with strong or weak secure storage laws is unknown and may bias the regression results in either direction. Importantly, even when these incidents are covered, reporters often fail to include important details that could help inform prevention efforts (Marvel et al. 2018), such as the type of weapon, who owned the gun, and how the gun was stored. However, a strength of this study is that it accurately determines the intent of the shooting as unintentional based on multiple reviews. In contrast, researchers have consistently found that counts of unintentional deaths in vital statistic registries are inaccurate, and often are misclassified as homicides, particularly when a young person is shot by another person (Schaechter et al. 2003; Barber and Hemenway 2011; Luo and McIntire 2013; Hemenway and Solnick 2015; Solnick and Hemenway 2019). The fatal gun injuries in this paper correspond to 26.5% (926/3498) of all unintentional gun deaths and 118.8% (847/713) of unintentional gun deaths among children 17 years and younger from 2015 to 2021 reported by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021, 2023).

Two important considerations enrich the discussion of our research. Careful selection of control variables will be important for future studies because it is unclear whether state policies are reflective of gun culture and thus measurable and unmeasurable confounding factors are related to both secure storage laws and unintentional shootings by children. Additionally, state policies may influence gun culture and therefore secure storage behavior, thereby decreasing these events. Furthermore, six states changed secure storage policies during the study time frame, most too late to evaluate the policy effects using a more sophisticated longitudinal design. Future research must explore these effects.

Conclusions

Unintentional shootings by children are on the rise, particularly among children 0–5 years old, but are preventable tragedies. Our results show that secure firearm storage policies are strongly correlated with lower rates of unintentional shootings by children. Firearm storage policies, practices, and education efforts are needed to ensure guns are kept secured and inaccessible to children.

Methods

Data source and study population

Demographic and injury data from 1/1/2015–12/31/2021 were extracted from Everytown’s #NotAnAccident Index (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund 2023). The #NotAnAccident Index contains media-report data of unintentional shooting incidents committed by children 17 years and younger in the US that resulted in gunshot injury or death of themselves or someone else of any age. News articles are systematically flagged through Google Alerts using a 15-word search string. Articles are reviewed and checked against inclusion criteria. Google searches are conducted to obtain additional news articles to check for the accuracy of reporting and gather additional details. The incident details are then coded by one researcher and are vetted by a second researcher and uploaded weekly. Data is reliability and validity tested quarterly by a third researcher comparing entries to incidents contained in the Gun Violence Archive’s repository of gun-related incidents compiled from over 7500 media, law enforcement, commercial, and government sources daily (Gun Violence Archive 2023).

In cases of self-inflicted gun injury or gun death, if the article does not include a clear determination of intent (e.g., by law enforcement) two researchers will review available information and make a determination on whether the shooting circumstances indicate if it was unintentional. If circumstances suggest the shooting was intentional or a determination could not be made, the incident is excluded from the database.

Additionally, state population data on children under 18 were obtained from the US Census Bureau (U.S. Census Bureau 2023), the state-level household firearm ownership rate was obtained from the RAND Corporation (Schell et al. 2020), and other population characteristics were obtained from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Social Determinants of Health Database (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2023).

Variables

We examine characteristics of shooting incidents by children. The #NotAnAccident Index contains data on date, locality (city, state), location (home, car, public, etc.), victim and shooter demographics (age and gender), shooting type (shot self, shot others, shot self and others, unknown), victim outcomes (death or injury), firearm type (handgun, shotgun, rifle, etc.), and narrative incident summaries.

We also examine incident rates aggregated to the state level in each year. In addition to the incident rate, we examined secure firearm storage laws, which create liability for gun owners and other adults if a gun is not securely stored. Using Everytown’s Gun Law Rankings (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund 2022) and additional legal research, we grouped states into five categories based on the strictness of their laws during the study period, from most restrictive to least: 1. Law applies any time the gun is not in the owner’s immediate control (2 states as of 2021); 2. Law applies if a child may or is likely to access an unsecured gun (6 states and Washington, DC); 3. Law applies if a child does access an unsecured gun (15 states); 4. Law applies if the gun owner intentionally or recklessly gives a child access to a gun (10 states); and 5. No law (17 states). Six states changed status during the study period. Their storage law status in each year reflects whether the law was in effect in that year.

Finally, state population characteristics were averaged across counties in the state in each year: percentage of the population with less than a high school education, percentage of the population that is male, unemployment rate, population density, mean household income, homicide death rate, and suicide death rate. These variables, as well as the state-level household firearm ownership rate, were controls in the regression analysis described below.

Analysis

In descriptive analyses, first, we examined characteristics of shooting incidents by children overall, and by age group and gender of the shooter. Second, we examined the number of shooters and victims by age group. Pairwise comparisons across age groups and gender were made using chi-square and t-tests. Third, we examined rates of unintentional shooting incidents by children by age group of the shooter from 2015 to 2021, which were calculated using state of occurrence and US Census data.

In addition, we used negative binomial regression models to examine whether rates of unintentional shootings by children are higher in areas with no or weak secure storage laws. In this analysis of a state*year level data set, the primary independent variable was the state’s secure storage law in each year using the five categories described above, where having no law was the reference group. The outcome was the number of incidents offset by the population of children under 18 years old. Models controlled for the percentage of the population with less than a high school education, percentage of the population that is male, unemployment rate, population density, mean household income, homicide death rate, suicide death rate, and the percentage of households with a firearm. Additionally, the models included a fixed effect for census division and year. Analyses were performed in STATA version 17.0.