Abstract
We study models in which the inflaton is coupled to two otherwise decoupled sectors, and the effect of preheating and related processes on their energy densities during the evolution of the universe. Over most of parameter space, preheating is not disrupted by the presence of extra sectors, and even comparatively weakly coupled sectors can get an order 1 fraction of the total energy at this time. If two sectors are both preheated, the high number densities could also lead to inflaton mediated thermalisation. If only one sector is preheated, Bose enhancement of the late time inflaton decays may cause significant deviations from the perturbative prediction for their relative reheat temperatures. Meanwhile, in Non-Oscillatory inflation models resonant effects can result in exponentially large final temperature differences between sectors that have similar couplings to the inflaton. Asymmetric reheating is potentially relevant for a range of beyond the Standard Model physics scenarios. We show that in dark matter freeze-in models, hidden sector temperatures a factor of 10 below that of the visible sector are typically needed for the relic abundance to be set solely by freeze-in dynamics.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
E.D. Carlson, M.E. Machacek and L.J. Hall, Self-interacting dark matter, Astrophys. J. 398 (1992) 43 [INSPIRE].
D.N. Spergel and P.J. Steinhardt, Observational evidence for selfinteracting cold dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 3760 [astro-ph/9909386] [INSPIRE].
N. Arkani-Hamed, D.P. Finkbeiner, T.R. Slatyer and N. Weiner, A theory of dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 015014 [arXiv:0810.0713] [INSPIRE].
M. Pospelov and A. Ritz, Astrophysical signatures of secluded dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 671 (2009) 391 [arXiv:0810.1502] [INSPIRE].
J.D. March-Russell and S.M. West, WIMPonium and boost factors for indirect dark matter detection, Phys. Lett. B 676 (2009) 133 [arXiv:0812.0559] [INSPIRE].
R.H. Cyburt, B.D. Fields, K.A. Olive and T.-H. Yeh, Big bang nucleosynthesis: 2015, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 (2016) 015004 [arXiv:1505.01076] [INSPIRE].
Planck collaboration, P.A.R. Ade et al., Planck 2015 results XIII. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 594 (2016) A13 [arXiv:1502.01589] [INSPIRE].
J. Baur, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, C. Yèche, C. Magneville and M. Viel, Lyman-α forests cool warm dark matter, JCAP 08 (2016) 012 [arXiv:1512.01981] [INSPIRE].
H.M. Hodges, Mirror baryons as the dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 456 [INSPIRE].
E.W. Kolb, D. Seckel and M.S. Turner, The shadow world, Nature 314 (1985) 415 [INSPIRE].
L.J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell and S.M. West, Freeze-in production of FIMP dark matter, JHEP 03 (2010) 080 [arXiv:0911.1120] [INSPIRE].
A.E. Faraggi and M. Pospelov, Selfinteracting dark matter from the hidden heterotic string sector, Astropart. Phys. 16 (2002) 451 [hep-ph/0008223] [INSPIRE].
J. Halverson, B.D. Nelson and F. Ruehle, String theory and the dark glueball problem, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 043527 [arXiv:1609.02151] [INSPIRE].
B. von Harling, A. Hebecker and T. Noguchi, Energy transfer between throats from a 10d perspective, JHEP 11 (2007) 042 [arXiv:0705.3648] [INSPIRE].
B. von Harling and A. Hebecker, Sequestered dark matter, JHEP 05 (2008) 031 [arXiv:0801.4015] [INSPIRE].
D.J.H. Chung, E.W. Kolb and A. Riotto, Superheavy dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 023501 [hep-ph/9802238] [INSPIRE].
B.R. Greene, T. Prokopec and T.G. Roos, Inflaton decay and heavy particle production with negative coupling, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 6484 [hep-ph/9705357] [INSPIRE].
G.F. Giudice, M. Peloso, A. Riotto and I. Tkachev, Production of massive fermions at preheating and leptogenesis, JHEP 08 (1999) 014 [hep-ph/9905242] [INSPIRE].
G.F. Giudice, A. Riotto and I.I. Tkachev, The cosmological moduli problem and preheating, JHEP 06 (2001) 020 [hep-ph/0103248] [INSPIRE].
A.H. Guth, The inflationary universe: a possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems, Phys. Rev. D 23 (1981) 347 [INSPIRE].
L.F. Abbott, E. Farhi and M.B. Wise, Particle production in the new inflationary cosmology, Phys. Lett. B 117 (1982) 29 [INSPIRE].
A.D. Dolgov and A.D. Linde, Baryon asymmetry in inflationary universe, Phys. Lett. B 116 (1982) 329 [INSPIRE].
Z.G. Berezhiani, A.D. Dolgov and R.N. Mohapatra, Asymmetric inflationary reheating and the nature of mirror universe, Phys. Lett. B 375 (1996) 26 [hep-ph/9511221] [INSPIRE].
N. Barnaby, C.P. Burgess and J.M. Cline, Warped reheating in brane-antibrane inflation, JCAP 04 (2005) 007 [hep-th/0412040] [INSPIRE].
J.H. Traschen and R.H. Brandenberger, Particle production during out-of-equilibrium phase transitions, Phys. Rev. D 42 (1990) 2491 [INSPIRE].
Y. Shtanov, J.H. Traschen and R.H. Brandenberger, Universe reheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 5438 [hep-ph/9407247] [INSPIRE].
L. Kofman, A.D. Linde and A.A. Starobinsky, Reheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 3195 [hep-th/9405187] [INSPIRE].
L. Kofman, A.D. Linde and A.A. Starobinsky, Towards the theory of reheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 3258 [hep-ph/9704452] [INSPIRE].
P. Adshead, Y. Cui and J. Shelton, Chilly dark sectors and asymmetric reheating, JHEP 06 (2016) 016 [arXiv:1604.02458] [INSPIRE].
G.N. Felder, L. Kofman and A.D. Linde, Instant preheating, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 123523 [hep-ph/9812289] [INSPIRE].
G.N. Felder, L. Kofman and A.D. Linde, Inflation and preheating in NO models, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 103505 [hep-ph/9903350] [INSPIRE].
C. Cheung, G. Elor, L.J. Hall and P. Kumar, Origins of hidden sector dark matter I: cosmology, JHEP 03 (2011) 042 [arXiv:1010.0022] [INSPIRE].
X. Chu, T. Hambye and M.H.G. Tytgat, The four basic ways of creating dark matter through a portal, JCAP 05 (2012) 034 [arXiv:1112.0493] [INSPIRE].
C.E. Yaguna, The singlet scalar as FIMP dark matter, JHEP 08 (2011) 060 [arXiv:1105.1654] [INSPIRE].
J. McDonald, Thermally generated gauge singlet scalars as selfinteracting dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 091304 [hep-ph/0106249] [INSPIRE].
M. Blennow, E. Fernandez-Martinez and B. Zaldivar, Freeze-in through portals, JCAP 01 (2014) 003 [arXiv:1309.7348] [INSPIRE].
X. Chu, Y. Mambrini, J. Quevillon and B. Zaldivar, Thermal and non-thermal production of dark matter via Z ′ -portal(s), JCAP 01 (2014) 034 [arXiv:1306.4677] [INSPIRE].
F. Elahi, C. Kolda and J. Unwin, Ultraviolet freeze-in, JHEP 03 (2015) 048 [arXiv:1410.6157] [INSPIRE].
A.R. Zentner and T.P. Walker, Constraints on the cosmological relativistic energy density, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 063506 [astro-ph/0110533] [INSPIRE].
J. Hasenkamp and J. Kersten, Dark radiation from particle decay: cosmological constraints and opportunities, JCAP 08 (2013) 024 [arXiv:1212.4160] [INSPIRE].
K. Jedamzik, Big bang nucleosynthesis constraints on hadronically and electromagnetically decaying relic neutral particles, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 103509 [hep-ph/0604251] [INSPIRE].
T.R. Slatyer, Energy injection and absorption in the cosmic dark ages, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 123513 [arXiv:1211.0283] [INSPIRE].
R.J. Scherrer and M.S. Turner, On the relic, cosmic abundance of stable weakly interacting massive particles, Phys. Rev. D 33 (1986) 1585 [Erratum ibid. D 34 (1986) 3263] [INSPIRE].
K. Griest and M. Kamionkowski, Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark matter particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 615 [INSPIRE].
K.K. Boddy, J.L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat and T.M.P. Tait, Self-interacting dark matter from a non-Abelian hidden sector, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 115017 [arXiv:1402.3629] [INSPIRE].
J.F. Dufaux, G.N. Felder, L. Kofman, M. Peloso and D. Podolsky, Preheating with trilinear interactions: tachyonic resonance, JCAP 07 (2006) 006 [hep-ph/0602144] [INSPIRE].
P.B. Greene and L. Kofman, On the theory of fermionic preheating, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 123516 [hep-ph/0003018] [INSPIRE].
P.B. Greene, L. Kofman, A.D. Linde and A.A. Starobinsky, Structure of resonance in preheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 6175 [hep-ph/9705347] [INSPIRE].
B.A. Bassett, S. Tsujikawa and D. Wands, Inflation dynamics and reheating, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 (2006) 537 [astro-ph/0507632] [INSPIRE].
R. Allahverdi, R. Brandenberger, F.-Y. Cyr-Racine and A. Mazumdar, Reheating in inflationary cosmology: theory and applications, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 60 (2010) 27 [arXiv:1001.2600] [INSPIRE].
M.A. Amin, M.P. Hertzberg, D.I. Kaiser and J. Karouby, Nonperturbative dynamics of reheating after inflation: a review, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 24 (2014) 1530003 [arXiv:1410.3808] [INSPIRE].
A.D. Linde, Chaotic inflation, Phys. Lett. B 129 (1983) 177 [INSPIRE].
E.F. Bunn, A.R. Liddle and M.J. White, Four-year COBE normalization of inflationary cosmologies, Phys. Rev. D 54 (1996) R5917 [astro-ph/9607038] [INSPIRE].
D.G. Figueroa and F. Torrenti, Parametric resonance in the early universe — a fitting analysis, JCAP 02 (2017) 001 [arXiv:1609.05197] [INSPIRE].
T. Prokopec and T.G. Roos, Lattice study of classical inflaton decay, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 3768 [hep-ph/9610400] [INSPIRE].
J. Berges and G. Hoffmeister, Nonthermal fixed points and the functional renormalization group, Nucl. Phys. B 813 (2009) 383 [arXiv:0809.5208] [INSPIRE].
J. Berges and B. Wallisch, Nonthermal fixed points in quantum field theory beyond the weak-coupling limit, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 036016 [arXiv:1607.02160] [INSPIRE].
R. Micha and I.I. Tkachev, Turbulent thermalization, Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 043538 [hep-ph/0403101] [INSPIRE].
R. Micha and I.I. Tkachev, Preheating and thermalization after inflation, in 5th Internationa Conference on Strong and Electroweak Matter (SEWM 2002), Heidelberg Germany, 2-5 October 2002 [hep-ph/0301249] [INSPIRE].
M. Salle, J. Smit and J.C. Vink, Thermalization in a Hartree ensemble approximation to quantum field dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 025016 [hep-ph/0012346] [INSPIRE].
G. Aarts, G.F. Bonini and C. Wetterich, On thermalization in classical scalar field theory, Nucl. Phys. B 587 (2000) 403 [hep-ph/0003262] [INSPIRE].
R. Allahverdi, Thermalization after inflation and reheating temperature, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000) 063509 [hep-ph/0004035] [INSPIRE].
R. Allahverdi and M. Drees, Thermalization after inflation and production of massive stable particles, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 063513 [hep-ph/0205246] [INSPIRE].
M. Desroche, G.N. Felder, J.M. Kratochvil and A.D. Linde, Preheating in new inflation, Phys. Rev. D 71 (2005) 103516 [hep-th/0501080] [INSPIRE].
K. Mukaida and M. Yamada, Thermalization process after inflation and effective potential of scalar field, JCAP 02 (2016) 003 [arXiv:1506.07661] [INSPIRE].
S. Yu. Khlebnikov and I.I. Tkachev, Classical decay of inflaton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 219 [hep-ph/9603378] [INSPIRE].
S. Yu. Khlebnikov and I.I. Tkachev, The universe after inflation: the wide resonance case, Phys. Lett. B 390 (1997) 80 [hep-ph/9608458] [INSPIRE].
S. Yu. Khlebnikov and I.I. Tkachev, Resonant decay of Bose condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 1607 [hep-ph/9610477] [INSPIRE].
G.N. Felder and L. Kofman, The development of equilibrium after preheating, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 103503 [hep-ph/0011160] [INSPIRE].
R. Micha and I.I. Tkachev, Relativistic turbulence: a long way from preheating to equilibrium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 121301 [hep-ph/0210202] [INSPIRE].
D.I. Podolsky, G.N. Felder, L. Kofman and M. Peloso, Equation of state and beginning of thermalization after preheating, Phys. Rev. D 73 (2006) 023501 [hep-ph/0507096] [INSPIRE].
G.N. Felder and L. Kofman, Nonlinear inflaton fragmentation after preheating, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 043518 [hep-ph/0606256] [INSPIRE].
A.V. Frolov, DEFROST: a new code for simulating preheating after inflation, JCAP 11 (2008) 009 [arXiv:0809.4904] [INSPIRE].
G.N. Felder and I. Tkachev, LATTICEEASY: a program for lattice simulations of scalar fields in an expanding universe, Comput. Phys. Commun. 178 (2008) 929 [hep-ph/0011159] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Feng, H. Tu and H.-B. Yu, Thermal relics in hidden sectors, JCAP 10 (2008) 043 [arXiv:0808.2318] [INSPIRE].
K.D. Lozanov and M.A. Amin, Equation of state and duration to radiation domination after inflation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 (2017) 061301 [arXiv:1608.01213] [INSPIRE].
M. Drewes and J.U. Kang, The kinematics of cosmic reheating, Nucl. Phys. B 875 (2013) 315 [Erratum ibid. B 888 (2014) 284] [arXiv:1305.0267] [INSPIRE].
G.K. Leontaris, N. Okada and Q. Shafi, Non-minimal quartic inflation in supersymmetric SO(10), Phys. Lett. B 765 (2017) 256 [arXiv:1611.10196] [INSPIRE].
J. McDonald, Reheating temperature and inflaton mass bounds from thermalization after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 083513 [hep-ph/9909467] [INSPIRE].
S. Davidson and S. Sarkar, Thermalization after inflation, JHEP 11 (2000) 012 [hep-ph/0009078] [INSPIRE].
E.W. Kolb, A. Notari and A. Riotto, On the reheating stage after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 123505 [hep-ph/0307241] [INSPIRE].
J. Yokoyama, Fate of oscillating scalar fields in the thermal bath and their cosmological implications, Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 103511 [hep-ph/0406072] [INSPIRE].
J. Yokoyama, Can oscillating scalar fields decay into particles with a large thermal mass?, Phys. Lett. B 635 (2006) 66 [hep-ph/0510091] [INSPIRE].
M. Drewes, On the role of quasiparticles and thermal masses in nonequilibrium processes in a plasma, arXiv:1012.5380 [INSPIRE].
A. Kurkela and G.D. Moore, Thermalization in weakly coupled non-Abelian plasmas, JHEP 12 (2011) 044 [arXiv:1107.5050] [INSPIRE].
K. Mukaida and K. Nakayama, Dissipative effects on reheating after inflation, JCAP 03 (2013) 002 [arXiv:1212.4985] [INSPIRE].
K. Mukaida and K. Nakayama, Dynamics of oscillating scalar field in thermal environment, JCAP 01 (2013) 017 [arXiv:1208.3399] [INSPIRE].
A. Mazumdar and B. Zaldivar, Quantifying the reheating temperature of the universe, Nucl. Phys. B 886 (2014) 312 [arXiv:1310.5143] [INSPIRE].
K. Harigaya and K. Mukaida, Thermalization after/during reheating, JHEP 05 (2014) 006 [arXiv:1312.3097] [INSPIRE].
K. Harigaya, M. Kawasaki, K. Mukaida and M. Yamada, Dark matter production in late time reheating, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 083532 [arXiv:1402.2846] [INSPIRE].
M. Drewes, On finite density effects on cosmic reheating and moduli decay and implications for dark matter production, JCAP 11 (2014) 020 [arXiv:1406.6243] [INSPIRE].
C.M. Ho and R.J. Scherrer, Cosmological particle decays at finite temperature, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 025019 [arXiv:1503.03534] [INSPIRE].
R. Lerner and A. Tranberg, Thermal blocking of preheating, JCAP 15 (2015) 014 [arXiv:1502.01718] [INSPIRE].
J.F. Koksma, T. Prokopec and M.G. Schmidt, Decoherence in an interacting quantum field theory: thermal case, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 085011 [arXiv:1102.4713] [INSPIRE].
B. Spokoiny, Deflationary universe scenario, Phys. Lett. B 315 (1993) 40 [gr-qc/9306008] [INSPIRE].
M. Joyce and T. Prokopec, Turning around the sphaleron bound: electroweak baryogenesis in an alternative postinflationary cosmology, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 6022 [hep-ph/9709320] [INSPIRE].
P.J.E. Peebles and A. Vilenkin, Quintessential inflation, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 063505 [astro-ph/9810509] [INSPIRE].
R. Allahverdi and M. Drees, Production of massive stable particles in inflaton decay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 091302 [hep-ph/0203118] [INSPIRE].
L. Wang, E. Pukartas and A. Mazumdar, Visible sector inflation and the right thermal history in light of Planck data, JCAP 07 (2013) 019 [arXiv:1303.5351] [INSPIRE].
S. Davidson, S. Hannestad and G. Raffelt, Updated bounds on millicharged particles, JHEP 05 (2000) 003 [hep-ph/0001179] [INSPIRE].
R. Foot and S. Vagnozzi, Dissipative hidden sector dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 023512 [arXiv:1409.7174] [INSPIRE].
H. Vogel and J. Redondo, Dark radiation constraints on minicharged particles in models with a hidden photon, JCAP 02 (2014) 029 [arXiv:1311.2600] [INSPIRE].
P.W. Graham, D.E. Kaplan and S. Rajendran, Cosmological relaxation of the electroweak scale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 221801 [arXiv:1504.07551] [INSPIRE].
E. Hardy, Electroweak relaxation from finite temperature, JHEP 11 (2015) 077 [arXiv:1507.07525] [INSPIRE].
L. Kofman, A.D. Linde and A.A. Starobinsky, Nonthermal phase transitions after inflation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 1011 [hep-th/9510119] [INSPIRE].
E.W. Kolb, A.D. Linde and A. Riotto, GUT baryogenesis after preheating, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 4290 [hep-ph/9606260] [INSPIRE].
J. García-Bellido, D. Yu. Grigoriev, A. Kusenko and M.E. Shaposhnikov, Nonequilibrium electroweak baryogenesis from preheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 123504 [hep-ph/9902449] [INSPIRE].
G.F. Giudice, E.W. Kolb and A. Riotto, Largest temperature of the radiation era and its cosmological implications, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 023508 [hep-ph/0005123] [INSPIRE].
V.A. Kuzmin and V.A. Rubakov, Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: a window to postinflationary reheating epoch of the universe?, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 61 (1998) 1028 [astro-ph/9709187] [INSPIRE].
P. Adshead, J.T. Giblin, T.R. Scully and E.I. Sfakianakis, Gauge-preheating and the end of axion inflation, JCAP 12 (2015) 034 [arXiv:1502.06506] [INSPIRE].
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1703.07642
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Hardy, E., Unwin, J. Symmetric and asymmetric reheating. J. High Energ. Phys. 2017, 113 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)113
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)113