Abstract
We investigate the impact of new light particles, carrying significant energy in the early universe after neutrino decoupling, on the cosmological effective relativistic neutrino species, Neff. If the light particles are produced from decoupled neutrinos, Neff is predominantly modified through the dilution-resistant effect. This effect arises because the energy stored in the mass of new particles is less diluted than the photon and neutrino energy as the universe expands. Our study comprehensively explores this effect, deriving Neff constraints on the couplings of light mediators with neutrinos, encompassing both scalar and vector mediators. We find that the dilution-resistant effect can increase Neff by 0.118 and 0.242 for scalar and vector mediators, respectively. These values can be readily reached by forthcoming CMB experiments. Upon reaching these levels, future Neff constraints on the couplings will be improved by many orders of magnitude.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Miguel Escudero and Bingrong Yu for useful discussions and Junyu Zhu for assistance in data processing. This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 12141501 and also by CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-099).
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Li, SP., Xu, XJ. Neff constraints on light mediators coupled to neutrinos: the dilution-resistant effect. J. High Energ. Phys. 2023, 12 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2023)012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2023)012