Abstract
With large active volume sizes dark matter direct detection experiments are sensitive to solar neutrino fluxes. Nuclear recoil signals are induced by 8B neutrinos, while electron recoils are mainly generated by the pp flux. Measurements of both processes offer an opportunity to test neutrino properties at low thresholds with fairly low backgrounds. In this paper we study the sensitivity of these experiments to neutrino magnetic dipole moments assuming 1, 10 and 40 tonne active volumes (representative of XENON1T, XENONnT and DARWIN), 0.3 keV and 1 keV thresholds. We show that with nuclear recoil measurements alone a 40 tonne detector could be as competitive as Borexino, TEXONO and GEMMA, with sensitivities of order 8.0 × 10−11 μB at the 90% CL after one year of data taking. Electron recoil measurements will increase sensitivities way below these values allowing to test regions not excluded by astrophysical arguments. Using electron recoil data and depending on performance, the same detector will be able to explore values down to 4.0 × 10−12μB at the 90% CL in one year of data taking. By assuming a 200-tonne liquid xenon detector operating during 10 years, we conclude that sensitivities in this type of detectors will be of order 10−12 μB. Reducing statistical uncertainties may enable improving sensitivities below these values.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
XENON collaboration, Light dark matter search with ionization signals in XENON1T, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 (2019) 251801 [arXiv:1907.11485] [INSPIRE].
XENON collaboration, Excess electronic recoil events in XENON1T, Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) 072004 [arXiv:2006.09721] [INSPIRE].
XENON collaboration, Physics reach of the XENON1T dark matter experiment, JCAP 04 (2016) 027 [arXiv:1512.07501] [INSPIRE].
LUX-ZEPLIN collaboration, Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 052002 [arXiv:1802.06039] [INSPIRE].
DARWIN collaboration, DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector, JCAP 11 (2016) 017 [arXiv:1606.07001] [INSPIRE].
TEXONO collaboration, Measurement of \( {\overline{\nu}}_e \)-e scattering cross-section with a CsI(Tl) scintillating crystal array at the Kuo-Sheng nuclear power reactor, Phys. Rev. D 81 (2010) 072001 [arXiv:0911.1597] [INSPIRE].
JUNO collaboration, Neutrino physics with JUNO, J. Phys. G 43 (2016) 030401 [arXiv:1507.05613] [INSPIRE].
DUNE collaboration, Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE): conceptual design report, volume 2: the physics program for DUNE at LBNF, arXiv:1512.06148 [INSPIRE].
R. Strauss et al., The ν-cleus experiment: a Gram-scale fiducial-volume cryogenic detector for the first detection of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, Eur. Phys. J. C 77 (2017) 506 [arXiv:1704.04320] [INSPIRE].
J. Hakenmüller et al., Neutron-induced background in the CONUS experiment, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 699 [arXiv:1903.09269] [INSPIRE].
CONNIE collaboration, Exploring low-energy neutrino physics with the Coherent Neutrino Nucleus Interaction Experiment, Phys. Rev. D 100 (2019) 092005 [arXiv:1906.02200] [INSPIRE].
L. Baudis, A. Ferella, A. Kish, A. Manalaysay, T. Marrodan Undagoitia and M. Schumann, Neutrino physics with multi-ton scale liquid xenon detectors, JCAP 01 (2014) 044 [arXiv:1309.7024] [INSPIRE].
D.G. Cerdeño, M. Fairbairn, T. Jubb, P.A.N. Machado, A.C. Vincent and C. Bœhm, Physics from solar neutrinos in dark matter direct detection experiments, JHEP 05 (2016) 118 [Erratum ibid. 09 (2016) 048] [arXiv:1604.01025] [INSPIRE].
B. Dutta, S. Liao, L.E. Strigari and J.W. Walker, Non-standard interactions of solar neutrinos in dark matter experiments, Phys. Lett. B 773 (2017) 242 [arXiv:1705.00661] [INSPIRE].
D. Aristizabal Sierra, N. Rojas and M.H.G. Tytgat, Neutrino non-standard interactions and dark matter searches with multi-ton scale detectors, JHEP 03 (2018) 197 [arXiv:1712.09667] [INSPIRE].
M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, Y.F. Perez-Gonzalez and R. Zukanovich Funchal, Neutrino discovery limit of dark matter direct detection experiments in the presence of non-standard interactions, JHEP 07 (2018) 019 [arXiv:1803.03650] [INSPIRE].
G.-Y. Huang and S. Zhou, Constraining neutrino lifetimes and magnetic moments via solar neutrinos in the large xenon detectors, JCAP 02 (2019) 024 [arXiv:1810.03877] [INSPIRE].
D. Aristizabal Sierra, B. Dutta, S. Liao and L.E. Strigari, Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering in multi-ton scale dark matter experiments: classification of vector and scalar interactions new physics signals, JHEP 12 (2019) 124 [arXiv:1910.12437] [INSPIRE].
D.K. Papoulias, R. Sahu, T.S. Kosmas, V.K.B. Kota and B. Nayak, Novel neutrino-floor and dark matter searches with deformed shell model calculations, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2018 (2018) 6031362 [arXiv:1804.11319] [INSPIRE].
C.-C. Hsieh et al., Discovery potential of multiton xenon detectors in neutrino electromagnetic properties, Phys. Rev. D 100 (2019) 073001 [arXiv:1903.06085] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Newstead, L.E. Strigari and R.F. Lang, Detecting CNO solar neutrinos in next-generation xenon dark matter experiments, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 043006 [arXiv:1807.07169] [INSPIRE].
DARWIN collaboration, Solar neutrino detection sensitivity in DARWIN via electron scattering, Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020) 1133 [arXiv:2006.03114] [INSPIRE].
J.N. Bahcall, A.M. Serenelli and S. Basu, New solar opacities, abundances, helioseismology, and neutrino fluxes, Astrophys. J. Lett. 621 (2005) L85 [astro-ph/0412440] [INSPIRE].
D. Aristizabal Sierra, V. De Romeri and N. Rojas, CP violating effects in coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering processes, JHEP 09 (2019) 069 [arXiv:1906.01156] [INSPIRE].
L.B. Okun, Limits of electrodynamics: paraphotons?, Sov. Phys. JETP 56 (1982) 502 [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 83 (1982) 892] [INSPIRE].
B. Holdom, Two U(1)’s and epsilon charge shifts, Phys. Lett. B 166 (1986) 196 [INSPIRE].
B. Lenardo et al., Measurement of the ionization yield from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon between 0.3–6 keV with single-ionization-electron sensitivity, arXiv:1908.00518 [INSPIRE].
XENON collaboration, Projected WIMP sensitivity of the XENONnT dark matter experiment, JCAP 11 (2020) 031 [arXiv:2007.08796] [INSPIRE].
D.Z. Freedman, Coherent neutrino nucleus scattering as a probe of the weak neutral current, Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 1389 [INSPIRE].
D.Z. Freedman, D.N. Schramm and D.L. Tubbs, The weak neutral current and its effects in stellar collapse, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 167 [INSPIRE].
J.L. Newstead, R.F. Lang and L.E. Strigari, Atmospheric neutrinos in a next-generation xenon dark matter experiment, arXiv:2002.08566 [INSPIRE].
R.F. Lang, C. McCabe, S. Reichard, M. Selvi and I. Tamborra, Supernova neutrino physics with xenon dark matter detectors: A timely perspective, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 103009 [arXiv:1606.09243] [INSPIRE].
Particle Data Group collaboration, Review of particle physics, Chin. Phys. C 40 (2016) 100001.
D. Aristizabal Sierra, J. Liao and D. Marfatia, Impact of form factor uncertainties on interpretations of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data, JHEP 06 (2019) 141 [arXiv:1902.07398] [INSPIRE].
P. Vogel and J. Engel, Neutrino electromagnetic form-factors, Phys. Rev. D 39 (1989) 3378 [INSPIRE].
K. Fujikawa and R. Shrock, The magnetic moment of a massive neutrino and neutrino spin rotation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 (1980) 963 [INSPIRE].
J. Schechter and J.W.F. Valle, Majorana neutrinos and magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. D 24 (1981) 1883 [Erratum ibid. 25 (1982) 283] [INSPIRE].
P.B. Pal and L. Wolfenstein, Radiative decays of massive neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 25 (1982) 766 [INSPIRE].
B. Kayser, Majorana neutrinos and their electromagnetic properties, Phys. Rev. D 26 (1982) 1662 [INSPIRE].
J.F. Nieves, Electromagnetic properties of Majorana neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 26 (1982) 3152 [INSPIRE].
R.E. Shrock, Electromagnetic properties and decays of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in a general class of gauge theories, Nucl. Phys. B 206 (1982) 359 [INSPIRE].
B.C. Canas, O.G. Miranda, A. Parada, M. Tortola and J.W.F. Valle, Updating neutrino magnetic moment constraints, Phys. Lett. B 753 (2016) 191 [Addendum ibid. 757 (2016) 568] [arXiv:1510.01684] [INSPIRE].
F. Della Valle et al., The PVLAS experiment: measuring vacuum magnetic birefringence and dichroism with a birefringent Fabry-Perot cavity, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 24 [arXiv:1510.08052] [INSPIRE].
R. Foot, G.C. Joshi, H. Lew and R.R. Volkas, Charged neutrinos?, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 5 (1990) 95 [Erratum ibid. 5 (1990) 2085] [INSPIRE].
M. Hirsch, E. Nardi and D. Restrepo, Bounds on the tau and muon neutrino vector and axial vector charge radius, Phys. Rev. D 67 (2003) 033005 [hep-ph/0210137] [INSPIRE].
MUNU collaboration, Final results on the neutrino magnetic moment from the MUNU experiment, Phys. Lett. B 615 (2005) 153 [hep-ex/0502037] [INSPIRE].
Super-Kamiokande collaboration, Limits on the neutrino magnetic moment using 1496 days of Super-Kamiokande-I solar neutrino data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 021802 [hep-ex/0402015] [INSPIRE].
A.G. Beda et al., Upper limit on the neutrino magnetic moment from three years of data from the GEMMA spectrometer, arXiv:1005.2736 [INSPIRE].
Borexino collaboration, Limiting neutrino magnetic moments with Borexino Phase-II solar neutrino data, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 091103 [arXiv:1707.09355] [INSPIRE].
J.A. Grifols and E. Masso, Bound on the neutrino charge radius from primordial nucleosynthesis, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 2 (1987) 205 [INSPIRE].
A.I. Studenikin and I. Tokarev, Millicharged neutrino with anomalous magnetic moment in rotating magnetized matter, Nucl. Phys. B 884 (2014) 396 [arXiv:1209.3245] [INSPIRE].
G. Barbiellini and G. Cocconi, Electric charge of the neutrinos from SN1987A, Nature 329 (1987) 21 [INSPIRE].
J.A. Grifols and E. Masso, Charge radius of the neutrino: a limit from SN1987A, Phys. Rev. D 40 (1989) 3819 [INSPIRE].
G.G. Raffelt, Astrophysical methods to constrain axions and other novel particle phenomena, Phys. Rept. 198 (1990) 1 [INSPIRE].
G.G. Raffelt, New bound on neutrino dipole moments from globular cluster stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 2856 [INSPIRE].
C. Giunti and A. Studenikin, Neutrino electromagnetic interactions: a window to new physics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 (2015) 531 [arXiv:1403.6344] [INSPIRE].
V. Brdar, A. Greljo, J. Kopp and T. Opferkuch, The neutrino magnetic moment portal: cosmology, astrophysics, and direct detection, arXiv:2007.15563 [INSPIRE].
A.N. Khan, sin2θW estimate and neutrino electromagnetic properties from low-energy solar data, J. Phys. G 46 (2019) 035005 [arXiv:1709.02930] [INSPIRE].
M. Lindner, F.S. Queiroz, W. Rodejohann and X.-J. Xu, Neutrino-electron scattering: general constraints on Z′ and dark photon models, JHEP 05 (2018) 098 [arXiv:1803.00060] [INSPIRE].
J.F. Beacom and P. Vogel, Neutrino magnetic moments, flavor mixing, and the Super-Kamiokande solar data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 5222 [hep-ph/9907383] [INSPIRE].
P.F. de Salas, D.V. Forero, C.A. Ternes, M. Tortola and J.W.F. Valle, Status of neutrino oscillations 2018: 3σ hint for normal mass ordering and improved CP sensitivity, Phys. Lett. B 782 (2018) 633 [arXiv:1708.01186] [INSPIRE].
D. Aristizabal Sierra, V. De Romeri, L.J. Flores and D.K. Papoulias, Light vector mediators facing XENON1T data, Phys. Lett. B 809 (2020) 135681 [arXiv:2006.12457] [INSPIRE].
R. Shrock, Decay l0 → νℓγ in gauge theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions, Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 743 [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu and R.N. Mohapatra, Supersymmetry and large transition magnetic moment of the neutrino, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 1705 [INSPIRE].
S.M. Barr, E.M. Freire and A. Zee, A mechanism for large neutrino magnetic moments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2626 [INSPIRE].
N.F. Bell, V. Cirigliano, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Vogel and M.B. Wise, How magnetic is the Dirac neutrino?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 151802 [hep-ph/0504134] [INSPIRE].
S. Davidson, M. Gorbahn and A. Santamaria, From transition magnetic moments to Majorana neutrino masses, Phys. Lett. B 626 (2005) 151 [hep-ph/0506085] [INSPIRE].
N.F. Bell, M. Gorchtein, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Vogel and P. Wang, Model independent bounds on magnetic moments of Majorana neutrinos, Phys. Lett. B 642 (2006) 377 [hep-ph/0606248] [INSPIRE].
K.S. Babu, S. Jana and M. Lindner, Large neutrino magnetic moments in the light of recent experiments, JHEP 10 (2020) 040 [arXiv:2007.04291] [INSPIRE].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2008.05080
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Aristizabal Sierra, D., Branada, R., Miranda, O.G. et al. Sensitivity of direct detection experiments to neutrino magnetic dipole moments. J. High Energ. Phys. 2020, 178 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2020)178
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2020)178