Cardiovascular safety of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for gout: a Danish nationwide case-crossover study

Table 3 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with gout, according to the subgroups

Patient subgroup	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing use with non-use
Patient subgroup	Any NSAID	Ibuprofen	Naproxen	Diclofenac
Sex
Male	0.88 (0.84–0.92)	0.92 (0.87–0.97)	0.85 (0.72–1.00)	0.85 (0.72–1.00)
Female	0.88 (0.83–0.94)	0.93 (0.85–1.02)	0.85 (0.65–1.10)	0.85 (0.65–1.10)
Age group
≤ 64	0.86 (0.81–0.91)	0.90 (0.90–0.97)	0.90 (0.90–1.11)	0.90 (0.90–1.04)
65–74	0.78 (0.73–0.84)	0.83 (0.75–0.91)	0.79 (0.60–1.04)	0.86 (0.75–1.00)
≥ 75	0.98 (0.93–1.04)	1.03 (0.95–1.12)	0.83 (0.66–1.05)	1.12 (1.00–1.25)
Comorbidity burden*
None (score: 0)	0.88 (0.82–0.93)	0.92 (0.85–1.00)	0.80 (0.62–1.02)	0.92 (0.80–1.05)
Low (score: 1–3)	0.90 (0.84–0.96)	0.96 (0.88–1.05)	0.85 (0.66–1.09)	0.99 (0.86–1.14)
Moderate (score: 4–5)	0.82 (0.75–0.89)	0.82 (0.73–0.93)	0.76 (0.52–1.11)	1.09 (0.91–1.30)
Severe (score: ≥ 6)	0.91 (0.84–0.98)	0.95 (0.86–1.05)	0.98 (0.74–1.30)	0.96 (0.82–1.12)
Type of gout†
Cancer related	0.99 (0.87–1.13)	1.09 (0.91–1.29)	0.69 (0.39–1.22)	0.92 (0.68–1.24)
Not cancer related	0.87 (0.84–0.90)	0.91 (0.87–0.96)	0.86 (0.74–0.99)	0.98 (0.90–1.05)
Assessment of gout
Gout diagnosis	0.95 (0.86–1.05)	1.06 (0.94–1.20)	0.71 (0.47–1.06)	1.05 (0.85–1.30)
Allopurinol prescription	0.87 (0.84–0.90)	0.90 (0.86–0.95)	0.87 (0.75–1.00)	0.96 (0.89–1.04)

^*Comorbidity burden according to the DANish Comorbidity index for Acute Myocardial Infarction (DANCAMI) scores of 0 (none), 1–3 (low), 4–5 (moderate), and ≥ 6 (severe) [23]
^†Defined by receiving a cancer diagnosis or filled a prescription for an antineoplastic agent in the five years before their gout diagnosis