Societal costs of personality disorders among treatment-seeking patients in Norway: the relative contribution of specific DSM-5 categories

Table 3 Specific personality disorders as predictors of health service costs, productivity loss, and societal costs

Independent variable	Model I; health service costs		Model II; productivity loss		Model III; societal costs
	β	p	β	p	β	p
Unspecified	0.022	0.596	0.102	0.014	0.022	0.592
Schizoid	− 0.016	0.664	0.006	0.871	− 0.016	0.669
Schizotypal	− 0.064	0.078	0.037	0.306	0.000	0.994
Paranoid	− 0.046	0.237	− 0.034	0.389	− 0.004	0.911
Antisocial	− 0.041	0.270	0.028	0.454	0.023	0.535
Narcissistic	− 0.027	0.471	0.067	0.078	0.008	0.831
Borderline	0.089	0.030	0.095	0.022	0.019	0.647
Histrionic	− 0.011	0.764	− 0.068	0.075	− 0.033	0.386
Avoidant	0.045	0.273	0.108	0.010	0.031	0.463
Dependent	0.042	0.255	− 0.033	0.380	− 0.029	0.436
Obsessive–compulsive	0.014	0.707	− 0.018	0.623	− 0.031	0.415
Mood disorders	0.095	0.010	− 0.062	0.094	0.000	0.999
Anxiety disorders	0.009	0.812	0.002	0.957	0.010	0.786
Substance use disorders	0.104	0.006	0.001	0.985	0.043	0.266
Eating disorders	0.093	0.011	− 0.092	0.013	0.136	< 0.001
PTSD	0.063	0.091	0.052	0.165	0.069	0.066

Covariates of mental health and substance use disorders are also included in the table. N = 744 (54 patients had missing data for at least one diagnostic category). Log-transformed dependent variable in model I, Beta weights and p-values for all models