Fig. 1

a Spatial distribution of the epicenters of the Sulawesi earthquake and aftershocks within 3 days (USGS 2018). b The fault crosses the Palu Bay and Palu city in the North-South direction (Valkaniotis 2018). c The areas of tsunami inundation and landslides are marked (satellite image: Digital Globe Open data Program 2018). Destructive tsunamis struck the coastal area (d) and kilometer-scale landslides (e) occurred in several places (photos: Reuters (2018), both locations are shown in b and c, respectively)