Table 1 Summary table of study characteristics and protocol
References | Study design | Control | Country of study | Population | Average age (SD) | Sample size (num Female) | Intervention duration | Number of lab visits | HRV-B practice | Outcome measurement (psychometric) | Method | Devices and interface |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brinkmann et al. (2020) | RCT | WL | Germany | Healthy | 43.27 (10.45) | 47 (26) | 6 weeks | 1 | 30 min daily | BDI-II, FFA-14 | MR | Qiu, SoD |
Burch et al. (2020) | RCPS | WL | USA | Cancer | 59.5 (2.55) | 34 (29) | 4–6 weeks | 5 | 15 min daily | BDI-II, PSS | MR | Heartmath emWave, SoD |
Cui et al. (2020) | RCT | TAU | China | Pregnant | 28.7 (3.52) | 20 (20) | 12 weeks | 2 | 30 min daily | PSQI | MR | Experimenter designed hardware and app |
Cuneo et al. (2023) | RCPS | WL | USA | Migraine | 42.38 (15.21) | 36 (30) | 12 weeks | 1 | 10 min 3 × per week | PHQ-8, PSS | SM | Polar H10, Oculus VR software |
Eddie et al. (2014) | NRPS | TAU | USA | SUD | 21.85 (1.85) | 41 (0) | 3 weeks | 3 | 20 min 2 × daily | PACS, PSS | SM | Heartmath emWave, SoD |
Eddie et al. (2018) | NRCT | WL | USA | SUD | 23.6 (5) | 36 (10) | 12 weeks | 5 | 15 min 2 × daily | PSS, PACS, BAI, BDI-II | SM | StressEraser, SoD |
Kim (2014 | QEP | TAU | USA | SUD | 21.8 (1.85) | 42 (0) | 3 weeks | 3 | 20 min 2 × daily | PSS, PACS * | SM | Heartmath emWave, SoD |
Kudo et al. (2014) | QEP | TAU | Japan | Post-Partum | 32.1 (6.21) | 55 (55) | 4 weeks | 2 | Daily, no set duration | EPDS | MR | StressEraser, SoD |
Limmer et al. (2022) | RCT** | TAU | Germany | Myocardial Infarction | 60.5 (9.37) | 46 (7) | 12 weeks | 5 | 5 min 3 × daily | No relevant assessments | MR | Qiu, SoD |
Schumann et al. (2022) | RCPS | WL | USA | PTSD | 50.6 (14.38) | 35 (5) | 4 weeks | 5 | 5 min daily | PCL-5, BDI-II | SM | Heartmath Inner Balance Device, Inner Balance app |
Schumann et al. (2022) | NRPS | WL | Germany | Depression | 41 (15) | 25 (19) | 6 weeks | 2 | 2 × 11 min, 5 × per week | BDI, STAI, PSS | SM | Polar H10, Smartphone app |
Tatschl et al. (2020) | RCPS | TAU | Austria | Severe Mental Illness | 48.7 (9.4) | 68 (43) | 5 weeks | 5 | 10 min 2 × daily | BDI-II | MR | Qiu, SoD |
Vacher et al. (2023) | RCPS | NT | Switzerland | Athlete | 15.45 (2.33) | 27 (11) | 6 weeks | 6 | 10 min 2 × daily | PSS | SM | Polar H7, Breath/Breath + app |
Vagedes et al. (2019) | RCT | TAU | Germany | Dysmenorrhea | 29.7 (8.0) | 40 (40) | 12 weeks | 5 | 15 min daily | SF-12 | MR | Qiu, SoD |
van der Zwan et al. (2019) | RCT | WL | the Netherlands | Pregnant | 31.6 (5.9) | 50 (50) | 5 weeks | 5 | 10–40 min daily, increasing | DASS (D, A, S), PSQI | SM | StressEraser, SoD |
Wang et al. (2024) | QEP | TAU | Taiwan | Post Stroke | 60.1 (12.3) | 62 (19) | 12 weeks | 8 | 10 min 2 × daily | PSS | PP | StressEraser, SoD |
Winstead (2019) | RCPS | TAU | USA | PTSD | 54 (11) | 85 (28) | 6 weeks | 6 | 15 min daily | BDI-II, PSS | MR | Heartmath emWave, SoD |
Yen et al. (2022) | RCT | TAU | Taiwan | SUD | 37.27 (9.53) | 61 (0) | 4 weeks | 4 | 20 min 2 × daily | PSQI, CES-D, | SM | Heartmath emWave, SoD |