Factors associated with underreporting of adverse drug reactions by patients: a systematic review

Costa, Catarina; Abeijon, Patricia; Rodrigues, Daniela A.; Figueiras, Adolfo; Herdeiro, Maria Teresa; Torre, Carla

doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01592-y

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies that assessed factors associated with adverse drug reactions underreporting by patients

From: Factors associated with underreporting of adverse drug reactions by patients: a systematic review

Author (Year of publication)	Country	Study design^b	Setting	Sample size	Response rate (%)	Data collection method	Scale	Quality assessment (score obtained/total score)^c
Wang et al. (2022) [37]	China	Cross sectional	Not mentioned	869	80.09%	Directly administered	Likert	17/20
Januskiene et al. (2021)^a [38]	Several countries	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	1138	Not applicable	Internet	Multiple choice; free text	14/20
Pillay et al. (2021) [39]	South Africa	Quantitative descriptive	Not mentioned	206	Not applicable	Internet	Multiple choice; free text	18/20
Al Dweik et al. (2020) [40]	Canada	Qualitative	Not mentioned	15	Not applicable	Interview	Free text	16/20
Kim et al. (2020) [41]	South Korea	Cross sectional	Not mentioned	1000	100%	Internet	Likert	17/20
Adisa and Omitogun (2019)^a [42]	Nigeria	Cross sectional	Primary care	360	94.7%	Interview	Free text; multiple choice	19/20
Adisa et al. (2019) [43]	Nigeria	Cross sectional	Hospital	1190	99.1%	Interview; directly administered	Free text; multiple choice	18/20
Jacobs et al. (2019) [44]	Ghana	Quantitative and qualitative	Hospital; primary care; retail	572	100%	Interview; Directly administered	Not mentioned	17/20
Sabblah et al. (2017) [45]	Ghana	Cross sectional	Retail	510	86.7%	Interview	Likert	15/20
Patsuree et al. (2016) [46]	Thailand	Cross sectional	Hospital; primary care; retail	2400	81.8%	Directly administered	Likert, free text, visual analogue scale	15/20
Matos et al. (2015) [47]	Portugal	Descriptive-correlational study	Retail	1337	81.1%	Directly administered	Likert	15/20
Robertson and Newby (2013) [48]	Australia	Cross sectional	Not mentioned	4981	6%	Internet	Not mentioned	10/20
Fortnum et al. (2012) [49]	United Kingdom	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	2028	6.5%	Interview	Not mentioned	9/20

^aArticle with information on HCPs and patients, however only patient information was retrieved
^bStudy designs as reported by the authors
^cQuality of the studies was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS)

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