Habitat type, food resources, noise and light pollution explain the species composition, abundance and stability of a winter bird assemblage in an urban environment

Table 8 Estimates (±SE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of environmental predictors with high (p > 0.8) probabilities of being in the best approximating models (based on AICc weights – see Table 7) of winter bird community traits (number of species, between-year species composition similarity index, density and between-year density similarity index)

Number of species
Parameter	Estimate	SE	Wald’s stat	95% CI	p
Intercept	24.60	1.64	224.17	21.38–27.82	0.000
NOISE	-3.60	0.67	28.47	-4.92 – -2.27	0.000
FOODSOURCES	0.10	0.04	7.17	0.03–0.18	0.007
OPENAREAS	-1.62e⁻⁵	6.73e⁻⁶	5.78	-2.94e⁻⁵ – -2.99e⁻⁶	0.016
Between-year species composition similarity
Parameter	Estimate	SE	Wald’s stat	95% CI	p
Intercept	0.43	0.05	66.68	0.33–0.53	0.000
OPENAREAS	-1.07e⁻⁶	2.68e⁻⁷	15.89	-1.60e⁻⁶ – -5.43e⁻⁷	0.000
BUILDINGS	-5.04e⁻⁶	1.33e⁻⁶	14.46	-7.64e⁻⁶ – -2.44e⁻⁶	0.000
ROADS	8.93e⁻⁶	2.92e⁻⁶	9.37	3.21e⁻⁶ – 1.47e⁻⁵	0.002
LANDFILLS	9.98e⁻⁶	4.00e⁻⁶	6.23	2.14e⁻⁶ – 1.78e⁻⁵	0.013
Density
Parameter	Estimate	SE	Wald’s stat	95% CI	p
Intercept	2.80	0.40	49.29	2.02–3.58	0.000
GREENERY	3.03e⁻⁶	1.21e⁻⁶	6.28	6.62e⁻⁷ – 5.41e⁻⁶	0.012
LIGHT	0.22	0.08	6.76	0.05–0.38	0.009
NOISE	-0.24	0.09	6.83	-0.42 – -0.06	0.009
FOODSOURCES	0.01	0.01	5.04	0.00–0.02	0.025
Between-year density similarity
Parameter	Estimate	SE	Wald’s stat	95% CI	p
Intercept	9.57	11.01	0.75	-12.02 – 31.15	0.385
LIGHT	7.75	1.69	20.94	4.43–11.07	0.000