Abstract
In this study, a quasi-global (excluding the Arctic Ocean) eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is established based on the latest version of the LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model (LICOM2.0). The horizontal resolution and vertical resolution are increased to 1/10° and 55 layers, respectively. Forced by the surface fluxes from the reanalysis and observed data, the model has been integrated for approximately 20 model years (20 a). During the last 8 a, the model is driven by daily mean wind stresses from QuikSCAT and heat fluxes from reanalysis data from 2000 to 2007. The basic performance of the OGCM is analyzed using the last 8 a simulation output. Compared with the simulation of the coarse-resolution OGCM, the eddy-resolving OGCM not only better simulates the spatial-temporal features of mesoscale eddies and the paths and positions of western boundary currents but also reproduces the large meander of the Kuroshio Current and its interannual variability. Another aspect, namely, the complex structures of equatorial Pacific currents and currents in the coastal ocean of China, are better captured due to the increased horizontal and vertical resolution.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Smith R D, Maltrud M E, Bryan F, et al. Numerical simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10°. J Phys Oceanogr, 2000, 30: 1532–1561
Hurlburt H E, Hogan P J. Impact of 1/8 degrees to 1/64 degrees resolution on gulf stream model—Data comparisons in basin-scale subtropical Atlantic ocean models. Dyn Atmos Oceans, 2000, 32: 283–329
Oschlies A. Improved representation of upper-ocean dynamics and mixed layer depths in a model of the North Atlantic on switching from eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving grid resolution. J Phys Oceanogr, 2002, 32: 2277–2298
Maltrud M, McClean J L. An eddy resolving global 1/10 ocean simulation. Ocean Model, 2005, 8: 31–54
Masumoto Y, Sasaki H, Kagimoto T, et al. A fifty-year eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean-Preliminary outcomes of OFES (OGCM for the Earth Simulator). J Earth Simulator, 2004, 1: 35–56
Smedstad O M, Hurlburt H E, Metzger E J, et al. An operational eddy resolving 1/16 degrees global ocean nowcast/forecast system. J Mar Syst, 2003, 40: 341–361
Thoppil P G, Richman J G, Hogan P J. Energetics of a global ocean circulation model compared to observations. Geophys Res Lett, 2011, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL048347
Shriver J F, Hurlburt H E, Smedstad O M, et al. 1/32° real-time global ocean prediction and value-added over 1/16° resolution. J J Mar Syst, 2007, 65: 3–26
Zhang X H, Liang X. A numerical world ocean general circulation model. Adv Atmos Sci, 1989, 6: 43–61
Zhang X H, Chen K M, Jin X Z, et al. Simulation of thermohaline circulation with a twenty-layer oceanic general circulation model. Theore Appl Clim, 1996, 55: 65–87
Jin X Z, Zhang X H, Zhou T J. Fundamental framework and experiments of the third generation of IAP/LASG world ocean general circulation model. Adv Atmos Sci, 1999, 16: 197–215
Liu H L, Yu Y Q, Li W, et al. Manual for LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model (LICOM1.0) (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press, 2004. 1–128
Liu H L, Lin P F, Yu Y Q, et al. The baseline evaluation of LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model (LICOM) version 2.0. Acta Meteorol Sin, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s13351-012-0305-y
Gent P R, McWilliams J C. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J Phys Oceanogr, 1990, 20: 150–155
Röske F. An atlas of surface fluxes based on the ECMWF re-analysis -A climatological dataset to force global ocean general circulation models. Germany, Hamburg MPI: Report No. 323, 2001, 31
Gibson J K, Coauthor. ERA Description, ECMWF Reanalysis Project Report Series 1, European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast. UK: Reading, 1997. 66
Levitus S, Boyer T P. World Ocean Atlas 1994: Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA Atlas NESDIS4, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC, 1994. 117
CERSAT-IFREMER. QuikSCAT Scatterometer Mean Wind Field Product. User Manual, C2-MUT-W-03-IF, 2002. 48
Large W, Yeager S. Diurnal to Decadal Global Forcing for ocean and Sea-Ice Models: The Data Sets and Flux Climatologies, NCAR/TN-460+STR, 2004. 105
Rayner N A, Brohan P, Parker D E, et al. Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: The HadSST2 data set. J Clim, 2006, 19: 446–469
Fu L L, Christensen E J, Yamarone C, et al. TOPEX/Poseidon mission overview. J Geophys Res, 1994, 99: 24369–24381
Kawabe M. Varaitions of current path, velocity, and volume transport of the Kuroshio in relation with larger meander. J Phys Oceanogr, 1995, 25: 3103–3117
Johnson G C, Sloyan B M, Kessler W S, et al. Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1990s. Prog Oceanogr, 2002, 52: 31–61
Le K T, Mao H L. Wintertime structures of temperature and salinity of the southern Huanghai (Yellow) Sea and its current systems. Oceanol Limnol Sin, 1990, 22: 13–23
Li L, Wu B Y. Kuroshio’s loop in the South China Sea. Taiwan Strait, 1989, 8: 89–95
Nitani H. Beginning of the Kuroshio. In: Stommel H, Yoshida K, eds. Kuroshio. Physical Aspects of the Japan Current. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972. 129–163
Zhuang W, Xie S P, Wang D, et al. Intraseasonal variability in sea surfaceheight over the South China Sea. J Geophys Res, 2010, 115: C04010
Wang D, Xu H, Lin J, et al. Anticyclonic eddies in the northeastern South China Sea during winter 2003/2004. J Oceanogr, 2008, 64: 925–935
Lin X, Yang J, Guo J, et al. An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current: 1. New observations in the western Yellow Sea. J Geophys Res, 2011, 116: C04026
Lin X, Yang J. An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current: 2. Arrested topographic waves in response to the northwesterly wind. J Geophys Res, 2011, 116: C04027
Chu P C, Li R. South China Sea isopycnal-surface circulation. J Phys Oceanogr, 2000, 30: 2419–2438
Zhao W, Hou Y J, Le K T, et al. Numerical study on seasonal variation of water exchange in the Luzon Strait. Oceanol Limnol Sin, 2007, 38: 495–503
Tian J W, Yang Q X, Liang X F, et al. Observation of Luzon Strait transport, Geophys Res Lett, 2006, 33: L19607
Fang G H, Wei Z X, Choi B H, et al. Interbasin freshwater, heat and salt transport through the boundaries of the East and South China Seas from a variable-grid global ocean circulation model. Sci China Ser D: Earth Sci, 2003, 46: 149–161
Cai, S Q, Liu H L, Li W, et al. Application of LICOM to the numerical study of the water exchange between the South China Sea and its adjacent oceans. Acta Oceanol Sin, 2005, 24: 10–19
Guan B X. Evidence for a counter-wind current in winter off the southeast coast of China. Chin J Oceanol Limnol, 1986, 4: 319–332
Wang D, Hong B, Gan J, et al. Numerical investigation on propulsion of the counter-wind current in the northern South China Sea in winter. Deep-Sea Res I, 2010, 57: 1206–1221
Wu F H, Lin P F, Liu H L. Influence of a southern shift of the ITCZ in quick scatterometer on the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent. Adv Atmos Sci, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1149-1
Qiao F, Yuan Y, Yang Y, et al. Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model. Geophys Res Lett, 2004, 31: L11303
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Rights and permissions
This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team.
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, Y., Liu, H. & Lin, P. A quasi-global 1/10° eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model and its preliminary results. Chin. Sci. Bull. 57, 3908–3916 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5234-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5234-8