Abstract
The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γ transformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles decreased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
K.L. Merkle, L.J. Thompson, and F. Phillipp, In-situ HREM studies of grain boundary migration, Interface Sci., 12(2004), No. 2–3, p. 277.
M. Sugiyama and G. Shigesato, Development of in situ microstructure observation technique in steel, Nippon Steel Tech. Rep., 91(2005), p. 13.
P.A. Manohar, M. Ferry, and T. Chandra, Five decades of the Zener equation, ISIJ Int., 38(1998), No. 9, p. 913.
M. Sasaki, K. Matsuura, K. Ohsasa, and M. Ohno, Effects of addition of titanium and boron on columnar austenite grain in carbon steel, ISIJ Int., 49(2009), No. 9, p. 1367.
T.N. Baker, Titanium Technology in Microalloyed Steels, 2nd Ed., The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, 1997.
T. Gladman, The Physical Metallurgy of Microalloyed Steels, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, 1997.
W. Yan, Y.Y. Shan, and K. Yang, Effect of TiN inclusions on the impact toughness of low-carbon microalloyed steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 37(2006), No. 7, p. 2147.
D. Zhang, H. Terasaki, and Y. Komizo, In situ observation of the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite at non-metallic inclusions in C-Mn steel, Acta Mater., 58(2010), No. 4, p. 1369.
D. Phelan, N. Stanford, and R. Dippenaar, In situ observations of Widmanstätten ferrite formation in a low-carbon steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 407(2005), No. 1–2, p. 127.
S.E. Offerman, N.H. van Dijk, J. Sietsma, S. Grigull, E.M. Lauridsen, L. Margulies, H.F. Poulsen, M.Th. Rekveldt, and V. van der Zwaag, Grain nucleation and growth during phase transformations, Science, 298(2002), No. 5595, p. 1003.
X.J. Shao, X.H. Wang, W.J. Wang, F.X. Huang, and M. Jiang, In-situ observation of manganese sulfide inclusions in YF45MnV steel, J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 32(2010), No. 5, p. 570.
X.L. Wan, R. Wei, L. Cheng, M. Enomoto, and Y. Adachi, Lengthening kinetics of ferrite plates in high-strength low-carbon low alloy steel, J. Mater. Sci., 48(2013), No. 12, p. 4345.
Q.B. Yu and Y. Sun, Abnormal growth of austenite grain of low-carbon steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 420(2006), No. 1–2, p. 34.
M. Maalekian, R. Radis, M. Militzer, A. Moreau, and W.J. Poole, In situ measurement and modelling of austenite grain growth in a Ti/Nb microalloyed steel, Acta Mater., 60(2012), No. 3, p. 1015.
J. Moon, J. Lee, and C. Lee, Prediction for the austenite grain size in the presence of growing particles in the weld HAZ of Ti-microalloyed steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 459(2007), No. 1–2, p. 40.
S.S. Zhang, M.Q. Li, Y.G. Liu, J. Luo, and T.Q. Liu, The growth behavior of austenite grain in the heating process of 300M steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(2011), No. 15, p. 4967.
H. Chen, E. Gamsjäger, S. Schider, H. Khanbareh, and S. van der Zwaag, In situ observation of austenite-ferrite interface migration in a lean Mn steel during cyclic partial phase transformations, Acta Mater., 61(2013), No. 7, p. 2414.
J. Moon, C. Lee, S. Uhm, and J. Lee, Coarsening kinetics of TiN particle in a low alloyed steel in weld HAZ: considering critical particle size, Acta Mater., 54(2006), No. 4, p. 1053.
M.T. Nagata, J.G. Speer, and D.K. Matlock, Titanium nitride precipitation behavior in thin-slab cast high-strength low-alloy steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 33(2002), No. 10, p. 3099.
K. Inoue, I. Ohnuma, H. Ohtani, K. Ishida, and T. Nishizawa, Solubility product of TiN in austenite, ISIJ Int., 38(1998), No. 9, p. 991.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Wan, Xl., Wu, Km., Huang, G. et al. In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels. Int J Miner Metall Mater 21, 878–885 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0984-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-014-0984-8