Sport Injuries Sustained by Athletes with Disability: A Systematic Review

Weiler, Richard; Van Mechelen, Willem; Fuller, Colin; Verhagen, Evert

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0478-0

Table 1 Characteristics of studies

From: Sport Injuries Sustained by Athletes with Disability: A Systematic Review

Study	Title	COI	Ethics committee approval	STROBE checklist (for studies after 2007)	Sports injury definition	Injury definition summary	Exposure (days)	Number of subjects	Sports injuries	RRI per 1000 athlete days and 95 % CI
Gawronski et al. 2013 [18]	Fit and healthy paralympians—medical care guidelines for disabled athletes: a study of the injuries and illnesses incurred by the Polish Paralympic team in Beijing 2008 and London 2012	None	Yes	Not reported	Injury and illness defined as any symptom that received medical attention. Injury was defined as a newly acquired musculoskeletal symptom or an exacerbation of a pre-existing (chronic) injury that occurred during training and/or competition	Medical attention	21 (Beijing 2008)	91	57	29.8 (22.1–37.6)
						Medical attention	16 (London 2012)	100	24	15.0 (9.0–21.0)
Magno e Silva et al. 2013 [19]	Sport injuries in elite Paralympic swimmers with visual impairment	Not reported	Yes	Not reported	A reportable injury was defined as any injury that caused an athlete to stop, limit or modify participation for 1 or more days	Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Paralympic Games 2004)	3	4	111.1 (2.2–220.0)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	20^a (Pan American Games 2005)	23	7	15.2 (3.9–26.5)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	13^a (IBSA World Championships 2007)	14	22	120.9 (70.4–171.4)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	17^a (Pan American Games 2007)	13	6	27.2 (4.4–48.9)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Beijing 2008)	3	2	55.6 (0–132.6)^a
Willick et al. 2013 [20]	The epidemiology of injuries at the London 2012 Paralympic Games	None	Yes	Not reported	Any sport-related musculo-skeletal or neurological complaint prompting an athlete to seek medical attention, regardless of whether or not the complaint resulted in lost time from training or competition	Medical attention	14 (3 days pre-competition and 11 days competition)	3565	633	12.68 (11.7–13.7)
Magno e Silva et al. 2013 [21]	Sports injuries in paralympic track and field athletes with visual impairment	None	Yes	Not reported	A reportable injury was defined as any injury that caused an athlete to stop, limit, or modify participation for 1 or more days	Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Paralympic Games 2004)	11	11	83.3 (34.1–132.6)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	20^a (Pan American Games 2005)	28	16	111.1 (2.2–220.0)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	13^a (IBSA World Championships 2007)	28	28	76.9 (48.4–105.4)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	17^a (Pan American Games 2007)	19	11	34.1 (13.9–54.2)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Beijing 2008)	22	11	41.7 (17.0–66.3)^a
Magno e Silva et al. 2013 [22]	Sports injuries in Brazilian blind footballers	Not reported	Yes	Not reported	A reportable injury was defined as any injury that caused an athlete to stop, limit, or modify participation for 1 or more days	Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Paralympic Games 2004)	8	12	125.0 (54.3–195.7)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	20^a (Pan American Games 2005)	8	6	37.5 (7.5–67.5)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	13^a (IBSA World Championships 2007)	8	7	67.3 (17.5–117.2)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	17^a (Pan American Games 2007)	8	3	22.1 (0–47.0)^a
						Time loss ≥1 day	12^a (Beijing 2008)	8	7	72.9 (18.9–126.9)^a
Webborn et al. 2012 [23]	The injury experience at the 2010 Winter Paralympic Games	Declared	Yes	Not mentioned	Any sports-related musculoskeletal complaint that caused the athlete to seek medical attention during the study period, regardless of the athlete ’ s ability to continue with training or competition	Medical attention	17^a	505	106 injuries (actual injuries reported as 120 but need to remove 14 as states were not sports related)	12.4 (10.0–14.7)^a
Chung et al. 2012 [24]	Musculoskeletal injuries in elite able-bodied and wheelchair foil fencers—A pilot study	None	Yes	Before STROBE	Injury defined as trauma that occurred during a training/competition and prohibited the athlete from continuing fencing activity for at least 1 day	Time loss ≥1 day	24,664 h^b	14	95	3.9 per 1000 athlete hours (3.1–4.6)^c
Ramirez et al. 2009 [25]	Sports injuries to high school athletes with disabilities	No financial relationships relevant to article to disclose	Yes	Not reported	‘Injury episodes’ defined as events resulting in immediate removal of the athlete from the session and medical treatment by school staff or transport to a hospital. ‘Injury diagnoses’ were defined as the physical trauma sustained to the body region of an athlete during the injury event	Medical attention	19,012 h^a,b	210	38	2.0 per 1000 athlete hours (1.4–2.6)^a,c
Webborn et al. 2006 [26]	Injuries among disabled athletes during the 2002 Winter Paralympic Games	Not reported	Not reported	Before STROBE	Not reported	Medical attention	20^a	416	39	4.7 (3.2–6.2)^a
Sobiecka 2005 [27]	Injuries and ailments of the Polish participants of the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney	Not reported	Not reported	Before STROBE	Not reported	Medical attention	23^a	114	125 injuries to motor system and 1 abrasion/bruise	48.1 (39.7–56.5)^a
Ferrara et al. 2000 [28]	A longitudinal study of injuries to athletes with disabilities	Not reported	Not reported	Before STROBE	A reportable injury defined as an injury/illness that was evaluated by the US team medical staff during these competitions	Medical attention	13^a (1990 World Games and Championships)	220	52	18.2 (13.2–23.1)^a
							12^a (1991 US Paralympic trials)	345	170	41.1 (34.9–47.2)^a
							24^a (1992 Barcelona Paralympics)	360	387	44.8 (40.3–49.3)^a
							7^a (1994 World Athletics Championships)	55	22	57.1 (33.3–81.0)^a
							14^a (1996 Atlanta Paralympics)	380	406	76.3 (68.9–83.7)^a
Nyland et al. 2000 [29]	Soft tissue injuries to USA paralympians at the 1996 Summer Games	None	Not reported	Before STROBE	Soft tissue injuries operationally defined as strain, sprain, tendonitis, bursitis or contusion	Medical attention	10^a	304	254 soft tissue injuries	83.6 (73.3–93.8)^a
Burnham et al. 1991 [30]	Sports medicine for the physically disabled: The Canadian team experience at the 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games	Not reported	Not reported	Before STROBE	Not reported	Assumed medical attention	10^a	151	84 musculoskeletal conditions treated	55.6 (43.7–67.5)^a
Robson 1990 [31]	The Special Olympic Games for the mentally handicapped - United Kingdom 1989	Not reported	Not reported	Before STROBE	Not reported	Assumed medical attention	8^a	1512	127 sport injuries (deduced from treatment summaries)	10.5 (8.7–12.3)^a
McCormick et al. 1990 [32]	Injury and illness surveillance at local Special Olympic games	Not reported	Yes	Before STROBE	A sports injury was defined as an injury resulting directly from participation in a sports event	Assumed medical attention	3^a	777	4	1.7 (0–3.4)^a

CI confidence interval, COI authors declared conflicts of interest, IBSA International Blind Sports Federation, RRI relative risk of injury, STROBE Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology
^aDeduced or calculated from the study
^bExposure in hours
^cRRIs per 1000 h exposure

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