Abstract
Short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced epoxy composites with different SCF contents were developed to investigate their tribological properties. The friction coefficient and wear of the epoxy composites slid in a circular path against a steel pin inclined at 45° to a vertical axis and a steel ball significantly decreased with increased SCF content due to the solid lubricating effect of SCFs along with the improved mechanical strength of the composites. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that the epoxy composites had less sensitive to surface fatigue caused by the repeated sliding of the counterparts than the epoxy. The tribological results clearly showed that the incorporation of SCFs was an effective way to improve the tribological properties of the epoxy composites.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Sayed A A E, Sherbiny M G E, Ezz A S A E, Aggag G A. Friction and wear properties of polymeric composite materials for bearing applications. Wear184: 45–53 (1995)
Lina A D, Kuang J H. Dynamic interaction between contact loads and tooth wear of engaged polyamide gear pairs. Int J Mech Sci50: 205–213 (2008)
Rabinowics E. Friction and Wear of Materials, 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley, 1995.
Friedrich K, Zhang Z, Schlarb A K. Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol65: 2329–2343 (2005)
Khun N W, Liu E. Thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. J Poly Eng33: 535–543 (2013)
Ajayan P M. Single-walled carbon nanotube polymer composites: Strength and weakness. Adv Mater12: 750–753 (2000)
Thostenson E T. Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: A review. Compos Sci Technol61: 1899–1912 (2001)
Novoselov K S. Electric filed effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science306: 666–669 (2004)
Quan H, Zhang B, Zhao Q, Yuen R K K, Li R K Y. Facile preparation and thermal degradation studies of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) filled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites. Compos Part A40: 1506–1513 (2009)
Zhong Y J, Xie G Y, Sui G X, Yang R. Poly(ether ether ketone) composites reinforced by short carbon fibers and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: Mechanical properties and sliding wear behavior with water lubrication. J Appl Poly Sci119: 1711–1720 (2011)
Bhattacharya S K. Metal Filled Polymers. New York (USA): Marcel Dekker Inc., 1986.
Matejka L. Amine cured epoxide networks: Formation, structure and properties. Macromolecules33: 3611–3619 (2000)
Oliver W C, Pharr G M. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res7: 1564–1583 (1992)
Wang Z Z, Gu P, Zhang Z. Indentation and scratch behavior of nano-SiO2/polycarbonate composite coating at micro/nano scale. Wear269: 21–25 (2010)
Khun N W, Troconis B C R, Frankel G S. Effects of carbon nanotube content on adhesion strength and wear and corrosion resistance of epoxy composite coatings on AA2024-T3. Prog Organ Coat77: 72–80 (2014)
Barrera E V. Key methods for developing single-wall nanotube composites. J Miner Met Mater Soc52(11): A38–A42 (2000)
Terrones M. Science and technology of the twenty-first century: synthesis, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes. Annu Rev Mater Rec33: 419–501 (2003)
Chang L, Zhang Z, Ye L, Friedrich K. Tribological properties of epoxy nanocomposites: III, Characteristics of transfer films. Wear262: 699–706 (2007)
Archard J F. The temperature of rubbing surfaces. Wear2: 438–455 (1959)
Ashby M F, Abulawi J, Kong H S. Temperature maps for frictional heating in dry sliding. Tribol Trans34: 577–587 (1991)
Chen W X, Li B, Han G, Wang L Y, Tu J P, Xu Z D. Tribological behavior of carbon nanotube filled PTFE composites. Tribol Lett15: 275–278 (2003)
Zhang L C, Zarudi I, Xiao K Q. Novel behavior of friction and wear of epoxy composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes. Wear261: 806–811 (2006)
Li C, Chou T W. Elastic moduli of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the effect of van der Waals forces. Compos Sci Technol63: 1517–1524 (2003)
Chen W X, Tu J P, Xu Z D, Chen W L, Zhang X B, Cheng D H. Tribological properties of Ni-P-multiwalled carbon nanotubes electroless composite coating. Mater Lett57: 1256–1260 (2003)
Wang C, Xue T, Dong B, Wang Z, Li H L. Polystyrene-arcylonitrile-CNTs nanocomposite preparations and tribological behavior research. Wear265: 1923–1926 (2008)
Mate C M. Tribology on the Small Scale: A Bottom up Approach to Friction, Lubrication and Wear, 1st Ed. New York (USA): Oxford University Press, 2008.
Ronkainen H, Laukkanen A, Holmberg K. Friction in a coated surface deformed by a sliding sphere. Wear263: 1315–1323 (2007)
Blau P J. Friction Science and Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996.
Bhushan B. Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Device, 2nd edition. New York: Springer-Verleg, 1996.
Chen G X, Kim H S, Park B H, Yoon J S. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon 6 composites. Polymer47: 4760–4767 (2006)
Moniruzzaman M, Winey K I. Carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composite prepared by simple melt-compounding. Macromolecules39: 5194–5205 (2006)
Benedict L X, Louie S G, Cohen M L. Heat capacity of carbon nanotubes. Solid State Commun100: 177–180 (1996)
Berber S, Kwon Y K, Tomanek D. Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett84: 4613–4616 (2000)
Hone J, Llaguno M C, Biercuk M J, Johnson A T, Batlogg B, Benes Z, Fischer J E. Thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based materials. Appl Phys A74: 339–343 (2002)
Kasai T, Fu X Y, Rigney D A, Zharin A L. Applications of a non-contacting Kelvin probe during sliding. Wear225–229: 1186–1204 (1999)
Svahn F, Rudolphi A K, Wallen E. The influence of surface roughness on friction and wear of machine element coating. Wear254: 1092–1098 (2003)
Menezes P L, Kishore, Kailas S V. Influence of surface texture and roughness parameters on friction and transfer layer formation during sliding of aluminium pin on steel plate. Wear267: 1534–1549 (2009)
Barrett T S, Stachowiak G W, Batchelor A W. Effect of roughness and sliding speed on the wear and friction of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Wear153: 331–350 (1992)
Clerico M, Patierno V. Sliding wear of polymeric composites. Wear53: 279–301 (1979)
Zhang L C, Mylvaganam K, Xiao K Q. The intrinsic frictional property of carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater Res32: 1–4 (2008)
Khun N W, Zhang H, Yang J L, Liu E. Mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites modified with microencapsulated mixture of wax lubricant and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Friction1(4): 341–349 (2013)
Snow A W, Buckley L J. Fluoromethylene cyanate ester resins. Synthesis, characterization, and fluoromethylene chain length effects. Macromolecules30: 394–405 (1997)
Sung I H, Lee H S, Kim D E. Effect of surface topography on the frictional behavior at the micro/nano-scale. Wear254: 1019–1031 (2003)
Khun N W, Zhang H, Yang J L, Liu E. Tribological performance of silicone composite coatings filled with wax-containing microcapsules. Wear296: 575–582 (2012)
Khun N W, Frankel G S, Zimmerman J. Investigation of surface morphology, wear resistance and adhesiveness of AA6061-T6 treated in a hexafluorozirconic acid based solution. Corrosion69: 259–267 (2013)
Raju B R, Suresha B, Swamy R P, Bharath K N. The effect of silicon dioxide filler on the wear resistance of glass fabric reinforced epoxy composites. Adv Polym Sci Technol: Internal J2(4): 51–57 (2012)
Thorp J M. Abrasive wear of some commercial polymers. Tribol Internat15: 59–68 (1982)
Myshkin N K, Petrokovets M I, Kovalev A V. Tribology of polymers: Adhesion, friction, wear, and mass-transfer. Tribol Internat38: 910–921 (2005)
Bahadur S. The development of transfer layers and their role in polymer tribology. Wear245: 92–99 (2000)
Khun N W, Liu E. Tribological behavior of polyurethane immersed in acidic solution. Tribo Trans55: 401–408 (2012)
Xing X S, Li R K Y. Wear behavior of epoxy matrix composites filled with uniform sized sub-micron spherical silica particles. Wear256: 21–26 (2004)
Durand J M, Vardavoulias M, Jeandin M. Role of reinforcing ceramic particles in the wear behaviour of polymer-based model composites. Wear181–183: 833–839 (1995)
Wang Y, Lim S, Luo J L, Xu Z H. Tribological and corrosion behaviors of Al2O3/polymer nanocomposite coatings. Wear260: 976–983 (2006)
Yan Y D, Sun T, Liang Y C, Dong S. Effects of scratching directions on AFM-based abrasive abrasion process. Tribol Int42: 66–70 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Nay Win KHUN. He received his MS degree in “Mechanics and Processing of Materials” in 2006 and his PhD degree in “Thin Films’ Physics and Electrochemistry” in 2011, both from the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His research interests include thin films and coatings, composite materials, corrosion, tribology and surface and interface.
Jinglei YANG. He received his Bachelor and Master degrees in Solid Mechanics from the University of Science and Technology of China, and PhD degree in Materials Science from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. He joined the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Nanyang Technological University in 2008. His current position is an assistant professor. His research areas cover bio-inspired multifunctional smart materials, FRP composites and nanocomposites, ceramics, and their mechanical, dynamic, and tribological performances.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Khun, N.W., Zhang, H., Lim, L.H. et al. Tribological properties of short carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites. Friction 2, 226–239 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-014-0043-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-014-0043-5