Abstract
This paper investigates the self-loosening of threaded fasteners subjected to dynamic shear load. Three kinds of typical coatings, PTFE, MoS2, and TiN applied to bolts and nuts, are tested in this investigation. The study experimentally examines the loosening mechanisms of fasteners and assesses the anti-loosening performance of the three tested coatings based on their tightening characteristics, loosening curves, and the damage of thread surface. Additionally, the anti-loosening performance of the three coatings is compared under different load forms. The results indicate that the PTFE and MoS2 coatings have significant anti-loosening effect, whereas the anti-loosening performance of TiN coating is not satisfactory. It is also found that an appropriate increase of the initial tightening torque can significantly improve the anti-loosening effect. In addition, the microscopic analyses of PTFE and MoS2 coating reveal that a reduced initial tightening torque leads to fretting wear on the thread contact surfaces of fasteners, thereby aggravating the damage.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Goodier J N, Sweeney R J. Loosening by vibration of threaded fastenings. Mech Eng 67: 794–800 (1945)
Basava S, Hess D P. Bolted joint clamping force variation due to axial vibration. Sound and Vibration 210(2): 255–265 (1998)
Sakai T. Mechanism for a bolt and nut self-loosening under repeated bolt axial tensile load. Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 5(11): 627–639 (2011)
Nassar S A, Yang X X, Gandham S V T, Wu Z J. Nonlinear deformation behavior of clamped bolted joints under a separating service load. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 133(2): 021001 (2011)
Yang X X, Nassar S A, Wu Z J, Meng A D. Nonlinear behavior of preloaded bolted joints under a cyclic separating load. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 134(1): 011206 (2012)
Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Peng J F, Zhang C B, Zhou P Y, Ma L J, Zhu M H. Experimental and numerical studies of bolted joints subjected to axial excitation. Wear 346–347: 66–77 (2016)
Junker G H. New criteria for self-loosening fasteners under vibration. SAE, Transactions 78: 314–335 (1969)
Sase N, Nishioka K, Koga S, Fujii H. An anti-loosening screw-fastener innovation and its evaluation. Materials Processing Technology 77: 209–215 (1998)
Pai N G, Hess D P. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of threaded fastener loosening due to dynamic shear load. Engineering Failure Analysis 9: 383–402 (2009)
Pai N G, Hess D P. Experimental study of loosening of threaded fastener due to dynamic shear loads. Sound and vibration 253(3): 585–602 (2002)
Dinger G, Friedrich C. Avoiding self-loosening failure of bolted joints with numerical assessment of local contact state. Engineering Failure Analysis 18(8): 2188–2200 (2011)
Shoji Y, Sawa T. Analytical research on mechanism of bolt loosening due to lateral loads. In ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2005.
Yang G X, Xie J L, Xie Y Y. Study on mechanism of anti-loosening of a new type of nut based on fem. (in Chinese). Engineering mechanics 12: 224–243 (2010)
Jiang Y, Zhang M, Chu-Hwa Lee. A study of early stage self-loosening of bolted joints. Mechanical Design 125(3): 518–526 (2003)
Jiang, Y, Zhang M, Park T-W, Lee C-H. An experimental study of self-loosening of bolted joints. Mechanical Design 126(5): 925–931 (2004)
Zhang M, Jiang Y, Lee C-H. Finite element modeling of self-loosening of bolted joints. Mechanical Design 129(2): 218–266 (2007)
Zhang M, Jiang Y, Lee C H. An experimental investigation of the effects of clamped length and loading direction on self-loosening of bolted joints. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128(3):129–136 (2004)
Housari B A, Nassar S A. Effect of thread and bearing friction coefficients on the vibration-induced loosening of threaded fasteners. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 129(4): 484–494 (2007)
Zaki A M, Nassar S A, Yang X. Effect of thread and bearing friction coefficients on the self-loosening of preloaded countersunk-head bolts under periodic transverse excitation. Journal of Tribology 132(3): 031601–1 (2010)
Sanclemente J A, Hess D P. Parametric study of threaded fastener loosening due to cyclic transverse loads. Engineering Failure Analysis 14: 239–249 (2007)
Anirban B, Avijit S, Santanu D. An investigation on the anti-loosening characteristics of threaded fasteners under vibratory conditions. Mechanism and Machine Theory 45: 1215–1225 (2010)
Sase N, Fujii H. Optimizing study of SLBs for higher anti-loosening performance. Materials Processing Technology 119: 174–179 (2001)
Izumi S, Yokoyama T, Kimurab M, Sakaia S. Looseningresistance evaluation of double-nut tightening method and spring washer by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Engineering Failure Analysis 16(5): 1510–1519 (2009)
Zou Q, Sun T S, Nassar S A, Barber G C, Gumul A K. Effect of lubrication on friction and torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners. In STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference San Antonio, TX, USA, 2006.
Housari, B A, Nassar, S A. Effect of thread and bearing friction coefficients on the vibration-induced loosening of threaded fasteners. Vibration and Acoustics 129: 484–494 (2007)
Daadbin A, Chow Y M. A theoretical model to study thread loosening. Mechanics and Machine Theory 27: 69–74 (1992)
Karamiş M B, Selçuk B. Analysis of the friction behavior of bolted joints. Wear 166(1): 73–83 (1993)
Nassar S A, Zaki A M. Effect of coating thickness on the friction coefficients and torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners. Journal of Tribology 31: 021301–1 (2009)
Bickford J H. Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints (4th ed). The Chemical Rubber Company Press, Florida, 2007.
Fan X Q, Xue Q J, Wang L P. Carbon-based solid–liquid lubricating coatings for space applications─A review. Friction 3(3): 191–207 (2015)
Yuan X D, Yang X J. A study on friction and wear properties of PTFE coatings under vacuum conditions. Wear 269: 291–297 (2010)
Luo J, Zhu M H, Wang Y D, Zheng J F, Mo J L. Study on rotational fretting wear of bonded MoS2 solid lubricant coating prepared on medium carbon steel. Tribology International 44: 1565–1570 (2011)
Shan L, Wang Y X, Li J L, Li H. Wu X D, Chen J M. Tribological behaviours of PVD TiN and TiCN coatings in artificial seawater. Surface & Coatings Technology 226: 40–50 (2013)
Paskvale S, Remškar M, Čekada M. Tribological performance of TiN, TiAlN and CrN hard coatings lubricated by MoS2 nanotubes in Polyalphaolefin oil. Wear 352–353: 72–78 (2016)
Cheng D X. Handbook of Mechanical Design. (in Chinese). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2016.
Nassar S A, El-Khiamy H, Barber, G C, Zuo D J, Sun T S. An experimental study of bearing and thread friction in fasteners. Journal of Tribology 127(2): 263–272 (2005)
Nassar S A, Barber G C, Zuo D J. Bearing friction torque in bolted joints. Tribology Transactions 48: 69–75 (2005)
Yu Z T, Liu J H, Zhang C Q, Zhou J B, Peng J F, Ma L J, Zhu M H. An experimental study on self-Loosening of bolted joints under axial vibration. (in Chinese). Tribology 35(6): 732–736 (2015)
Yamamoto A. Theory and Calculation of Thread Connection. (in Chinese). Translated by Guo K Q, Gao S J, Wang X F, Xu A L. Shanghai: shanghai scientific and technological literature press, 1982.
Zhao H. Analysis of the load distribution in a bolt-nut connector. Computers and Structures 53(6): 1465–1472 (1994)
Liu J H, Ouyang H J, Ma L J, Zhang C Q, Zhu M H. Numerical and theoretical studies of bolted joints under harmonic shear displacement. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 12(1): 115–132 (2015)
Zhou Z R, Zhu M H. Dual-fretting Wear. (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, 2004.
Liu J H. Research on the self-loosening mechanism of bolted joints under axial excitation. Ph. D Thesis. Sichuan (China): Southwest Jiaotong University, 2016.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 51025519), the Changjiang Scholarships and Innovation Team Development Plan (No. IRT1178), and the Self-Topic Fund of Traction Power State Key Laboratory (No. 2016TPL-Z03).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Junbo ZHOU. He received his master degree in mechanical engineering in 2009 from Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, China. After then, he worked in Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuang, China. In 2011, he was a PhD student in the Southwest Jiaotong University. His research interests include fretting wear and design of fastener connection.
Jianhua LIU. He received his bachelor degree and PhD degree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuang, China, in 2010 and 2016, respectively. He is currently a post-doctor at School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University. His research interests include friction, wear and design of fastener connection.
Huajiang OUYANG. He received his bachelor degree, master degree and PhD degree from Dalian University of Technology, China, in 1982, 1985 and 1989, respectively. He is a full professor in the School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, UK. His main research areas are structural dynamics and control (particularly on friction-induced vibration and noise, and moving-load dynamics), and structural identification.
Zhenbing CAI. He received his bachelor degree and PhD degree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuang, China, in 2003 and 2009, respectively. He is currently a professor at School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, deputy director of Tribology Research Institute. His research interests include friction and wear, surface engineering and instrument development.
Jinfang PENG. He received his bachelor degree and PhD degree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuang, China, in 2006 and 2012, respectively. After then, he worked in the same university and became an assistant researcher. His research interests include fretting fatigue and failure analysis.
Minhao ZHU. He received his bachelor degree, master degree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuang, China, in 1990 and 1993, respectively. Then he worked in Southwest Jiaotong University until now. From 1996 to 2001, he received his PhD degree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuang, China. His current position is a Professor, Ph.D. student advisors, Cheung Kong Scholars and dean of School of Materials Science and Engineering. His research areas cover fretting wear, fretting fatigue, surface engineering and design of fastener connection.
Rights and permissions
Open Access: The articles published in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, J., Liu, J., Ouyang, H. et al. Anti-loosening performance of coatings on fasteners subjected to dynamic shear load. Friction 6, 32–46 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0160-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0160-z