Fig. 3

a XPS O 1s spectra among different MnO-T catalysts. b Contents of O1 and O2 peak for different MnO-T samples. c, d XPS Mn 2p spectra of the starting MnO-T catalysts (c) and MnO-600 of the initial and after 1000 and 2000 cycles of ORR tests (d). e, f ESR measurement results of Mn3O4 and MnO-T samples for oxygen vacancies detections (e) and Mn valence determinations (f)