Correction: Management System Engineering (2023) 2:15 https://doi.org/10.1007/s44176-023-00025-4

Following publication of the original article (Quan et al. 2023), the authors reported an error in the Eq. 4, which have been corrected from \(\rho_{c} = \frac{1}{N}s_{i} ,s_{i} \in S\) to \(\rho_{c} = \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N} {s_{i} }\) where \(s_{i} = 1\) if individual \(i\) cooperates and \(s_{i} = 0\) if individual \(i\) defects.

The original article (Quan et al. 2023) has been corrected.