Abstract
MAP-PACE (MAgnetic field and Plasma experiment-Plasma energy Angle and Composition Experiment) is one of the scientific instruments onboard the SELENE (SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) satellite. PACE consists of four sensors: ESA (Electron Spectrum Analyzer)-S1, ESA-S2, IMA (Ion Mass Analyzer), and IEA (Ion Energy Analyzer). ESA-S1 and S2 measure the distribution function of low-energy electrons below 15 keV, while IMA and IEA measure the distribution function of low energy ions below 28 keV/q. Each sensor has a hemispherical field of view. Since SELENE is a three-axis stabilized spacecraft, a pair of electron sensors (ESA-S1 and S2) and a pair of ion sensors (IMA and IEA) are necessary for obtaining a three-dimensional distribution function of electrons and ions. The scientific objectives of PACE are (1) to measure the ions sputtered from the lunar surface and the lunar atmosphere, (2) to measure the magnetic anomaly on the lunar surface using two ESAs and a magnetometer onboard SELENE simultaneously as an electron reflectometer, (3) to resolve the Moon-solar wind interaction, (4) to resolve the Moon-Earth’s magnetosphere interaction, and (5) to observe the Earth’s magnetotail.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, K. A. and D. E. Wilhelms, Correlation of Lunar Far-Side Magnetized Regions with Ringed Impact Basins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 46, 107–112, 1979.
Anderson, K. A., L. M. Chase, R. P. Lin, J. E. McCoy, and R. E. McGuire, Solar-wind and interplanetary electron measurements on the Apollo 15 subsatellite, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 4611–4626, 1972.
Anderson, K. A., R. P. Lin, R. E. McGuire, and J. E. McCoy, Measurement of Lunar and Planetary Magnetic Fields by Reflection of Low Energy Electrons, Space Sci. Insr., 1, 439–470, 1975.
Anderson, K. A., R. P. Lin, R. E. McGuire, J. E. McCoy, C. T. Russell, and P. J. Coleman, Linear Magnetization Feature Associated with Rima Sirsalis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 34, 141–151, 1
Binder, A. B., Lunar Prospector: Overview, Science, 281, 1475–1476, 1998.
Clay, D. R., B. E. Goldstein, M. Neugebauer, and C.W. Snyder, Solar-wind spectrometer experiment, Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report, NASA Spec. Publ., 289, 101–107, 1972.
Colburn, D. S., R. G. Currie, J. D. Mihalov, and C. P. Sonett, Diamagnetic solar-wind cavity discovered behind Moon, Science, 158, 1040–1042, 1967.
Criswell, D. R., Photoelectrons and solar wind/lunar limb interaction, The Moon, 7, 202–238, 1973.
Elphic, R. C., H. O. Funsten, B. L. Barraclough, D. J. McComas, M. T. Paffett, D. T. Vaniman, and G. Heiken, Lunar surface composition and solar wind-induced secondary ion mass spectrometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2165–2168, 1991.
Foing, B. H., G. D. Racca, A. Marini, E. Evrard, L. Stagnaro, M. Almeida, D. Koschny, D. Frew, J. Zender, J. Heather, M. Grande, J. Huovelin, H. U. Keller, A. Nathues, J. L. Josset, A. Malkki, W. Schmidt, G. Noci, R. Birkl, L. Iess, Z. Sodnik, and P. McManamon, SMART-1 mission to the Moon: Status, first results and goals, Adv. Space Res, 37, 6–13, 2006.
Futaana, Y., S. Machida, Y. Saito, A. Matsuoka, and H. Hayakawa, Counterstreaming electrons in the near vicinity of the Moon observed by plasma instruments on board NOZOMI, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18729–18740, 2001.
Futaana, Y., S. Machida, Y. Saito, A. Matsuoka, and H. Hayakawa, Moonrelated nonthermal ions observed by Nozomi: Species, sources, and generation mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1025, doi:10.1029/ 2002JA009366, 2003.
Halekas, J. S., D. L. Mitchell, R. P. Lin, S. Frey, L. L. Hood, M. H. Acuña, and A. B. Binder, Mapping of crustal magnetic anomalies on the lunar near side by the Lunar Prospector electron reflectometer, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E11), 27,841–27,852, 2001.
Hilchenbach, M., D. Hovstadt, B. Klecker, and E. Möbius, Observation of energetic lunar pick-up ions near earth, Adv. Space Res., 13, 321–324, 1993.
Hills, H. K., J. C. Meister, R. R. Vondrak, and J.W. Freeman, Jr, Suprathermal ion detector experiment, Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report, NASA Spec. Publ., 289, 121–1210, 1972.
Hood, L. L., A. Zakharian, J. Halekas, D. L. Mitchell, R. P. Lin, M. H. Acuña, and A. B. Binder, Initial mapping and interpretation of lunar crustal magnetic anomalies using Lunar Prospector magnetometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E11), 27,825–27,840, 2001.
Howe, H. C., R. P. Lin, R. E. McGuire, and K. A. Anderson, Energetic Electron Scattering from the Lunar Remanent Magnetic Field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1, 101–104, 1974.
Lin, R. P., A. Anderson, R. Bush, and R. E. McGuire, Lunar surface remnant magnetic fields detected by the electron reflection method, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 2691–2703, 1976.
Lin, R. P., D. L. Mitchell, D. W. Curtis, K. A. Anderson, C. W. Carlson, J. McFadden, M. H. Acuna, L. L. Hood, and A. Binder, Lunar surface magnetic fields and their interaction with the solar wind: results from Lunar Prospector, Science, 281, 1480–1484, 1998.
Lyon, E. F., H. S. Bridge, and J. H. Binsack, Explorer 35 plasma measurements in the vicinity of the Moon, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 6113–6117, 1967.
Mall, U., E. Kirsch, K. Cierpka, B. Wilken, A. Söding, F. Neubauer, G. Gloeckler, and A. Galvin, Direct observation of lunar pick-up ions near the Moon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(20), 3799–3802, 1998.
McComas, D. J. and J. E. Nordholt, New approach to 3-D, high sensitivity, high mass resolution space plasma composition measurements, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3095–3097, 1990.
Neugebauer, M., C.W. Snyder, D. R. Clay, and B. E. Goldstein, Solar wind observations on the lunar surface with the Apollo-12 ALSEP, Planet. Space Sci., 20, 1577–1591, 1972.
Nozette, S., P. Rustan, L. P. Pleasance, J. F. Kordas, I. T. Lewis, H. S. Park, R. E. Priest, D. M. Horan, P. Regeon, C. L. Lichtenberg, E. M. Shoemaker, E.M. Eliason, A. S. McEwen, M. S. Robinson, P. D. Spudis, C. H. Acton, B. J. Buratti, T. C. Duxbury, D. N. Baker, B. M. Jakosky, J. E. Blamont, M. P. Corson, J. H. Resnick, C. J. Rollins, M. E. Davies, P. G. Lucey, E. Malaret, M. A. Massie, C. M. Pieters, R. A. Reisse, R. A. Simpson, D. E. Smith, T. C. Sorenson, R. W. Vorder Breugge, and M. T. Zuber, The Clementine Mission to the Moon: Scientific Overview, Science, 266, 1835–1843, 1994.
Ogilvie, K.W., J. T. Steinberg, R. J. Fitzenreiter, C. J. Owen, A. J. Lazarus, W. J. Farrell, and R. B. Torbert, Observations of the lunar plasma wake from the WIND spacecraft on December 27, 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1255–1258, 1996.
Potter, A. E. and T. H. Morgan, Discovery of the sodium and potassium vapor in the atmosphere of the Moon, Science, 241, 675–679, 1988.
Potter, A. E., R. M. Killen, and T. H. Morgan, Variation of lunar sodium during passage of the Moon through the Earth’s magnetotail, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15073–15084, 2000.
Stern, S. A., The lunar atmosphere: history, status, current problems, and context, Rev. Geophys., 37, 453–491, 1999.
Tyler, A. L., W. H. Kozlowski, and D. M. Hunten, Observations of sodium in the tenuous lunar atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1141–1144, 1988.
Yokota, S. and Y. Saito, Estimation of picked-up lunar ions for future compositional remote SIMS analyses of the lunar surface, Earth Planets Space, 57, 281–289, 2005.
Yokota, S., Y. Saito, K. Asamura, and T. Mukai, Development of an ion energy mass spectrometer for application on board three-axis stabilized spacecraft, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76, 014501–10145018, 2005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Saito, Y., Yokota, S., Asamura, K. et al. Low-energy charged particle measurement by MAP-PACE onboard SELENE. Earth Planet Sp 60, 375–385 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352802
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352802