Table 4 Representative enriched GO terms (Bonferroni-corrected P-value ≤ 0.05) and pathways for sex-biased (Q value ≤0.05) genes

ko03015

mRNA surveillance pathway

1.85E-14

Male biased

 GO:0005665

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex

2.59E-05

Male biased

ko03013

RNA transport

1.87E-08

Male biased

 GO:0000428

DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

0.00051

Male biased

ko00534

Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - heparan sulfate

4.74E-03

Male biased

 GO:0030880

RNA polymerase complex

0.00051

Male biased

ko02010

ABC transporters

1.32E-02

Male biased

 GO:0055029

Nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

0.00051

Male biased

ko00900

Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis

3.49E-02

Male biased

 GO:0005665

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex

2.59E-05

Male biased

ko00190

Oxidative phosphorylation

6.77E-26

Female biased

 GO:0005739

Mitochondrion

2.70E-32

Female biased

ko00100

Steroid biosynthesis

4.43E-17

Female biased

 GO:0044429

Mitochondrial part

6.55E-28

Female biased

ko01100

Metabolic pathways

2.36E-13

Female biased

 GO:0044455

Mitochondrial membrane part

1.14E-17

Female biased

ko00970

Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

1.31E-11

Female biased

 GO:0000313

Organellar ribosome

2.49E-17

Female biased

ko03030

DNA replication

1.64E-04

Female biased

 GO:0005761

Mitochondrial ribosome

2.49E-17

Female biased

ko04350

TGF-beta signaling pathway

2.98E-04

Female biased

 GO:0005746

Mitochondrial respiratory chain

5.51E-17

Female biased

ko04962

Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption

9.56E-04

Female biased

 GO:0005840

Ribosome

8.15E-17

Female biased

ko00020

Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)

9.56E-04

Female biased

ko04080

Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

3.11E-03

Female biased

 GO:0003899

DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity

2.30499E-05

Male biased

ko04110

Cell cycle

1.23E-02

Female biased

 GO:0034062

RNA polymerase activity

2.30499E-05

Male biased

ko03420

Nucleotide excision repair

1.81E-02

Female biased

 GO:0003824

Catalytic activity

3.27116E-05

Male biased

ko03008

Ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes

1.98E-02

Female biased

 GO:0019003

GDP binding

0.00072

Male biased

ko00630

Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism

2.28E-02

Female biased

 GO:0004631

Phosphomevalonate kinase activity

0.00119

Male biased

ko03010

Ribosome

2.37E-02

Female biased

 GO:0004812

Aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity

1.13E-16

Female biased

ko04964

Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation

3.19E-02

Female biased

 GO:0016875

Ligase activity, forming carbon-oxygen bonds

2.12E-16

Female biased

 GO:0016876

Ligase activity, forming aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds

2.12E-16

Female biased

 GO:0003954

NADH dehydrogenase activity

8.17E-15

Female biased

 GO:0003735

Structural constituent of ribosome

1.47E-12

Female biased

 GO:0008299

Isoprenoid biosynthetic process

3.68E-06

Male biased

 GO:0006720

Isoprenoid metabolic process

9.90E-05

Male biased

 GO:0021953

Central nervous system neuron differentiation

0.00023

Male biased

 GO:0009240

Isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

0.00033

Male biased

 GO:0019287

Isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway

0.00033

Male biased

 GO:0006412

Translation

9.80E-29

Female biased

 GO:0044249

Cellular biosynthetic process

5.81E-21

Female biased

 GO:1901576

Organic substance biosynthetic process

2.21E-20

Female biased

 GO:0009058

Biosynthetic process

9.88E-19

Female biased

 GO:0044710

Single-organism metabolic process

6.71E-18

Female biased