Early initiation of oral beta-blocker improves long-term survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Table 3 Association analysis of the timing of carvedilol initiation and clinical outcomes among the entire cohort and propensity score matched cohort

		Entire cohort (n = 412)				Propensity score matched cohort (n = 94)
		Early carvedilol (n = 298)	Late carvedilol (n = 114)	Adjusted hazard ratio or odds ratio (95% CI)	p value	Early carvedilol (n = 47)	Late carvedilol (n = 47)	p value
Primary outcome	All-cause death	14 (5)	18 (16)	0.45 (0.21 − 1.00)	0.050	3 (6)	12 (26)	0.036
Secondary outcomes	In-hospital mortality	2 (1)	8 (7)	0.01 (0.00 − 0.98)	0.045	0 (0)	7 (15)	0.018
	Heart failure re-admission	9 (3)	13 (11)	0.47 (0.19 − 1.17)	0.100	2 (4)	4 (9)	0.763
	Non-fatal re-infarction	4 (1)	1 (1)	1.23 (0.08 − 19.08)	0.880	1 (2)	0 (0)	0.300
	Non-fatal stroke	2 (1)	3 (3)	0.12 (0.01 − 1.16)	0.067	0 (0)	3 (6)	0.133
	Cardiac death	10 (3)	14 (12)	0.45 (0.18 − 1.12)	0.087	2 (4)	10 (21)	0.038
	Major adverse cardiac events	26 (9)	30 (26)	0.49 (0.28 − 0.88)	0.015	5 (11)	16 (34)	0.047

Data are presented as number (percentage) and are compared in a time-to-event manner by using a Cox proportional hazard model in the entire cohort (adjustment stated in the Methods section), and log-rank test in the propensity score matched cohort, except in-hospital mortality, which is compared using a logistic regression model in the entire cohort (adjustment stated in the Methods section) and Pearson’s chi-square test, in the propensity score matched cohort. CI, confidence interval