Fig. 1

(a) The overall taxonomic composition of the four study groups and the correspondence between the taxa and sample groups at the phylum level shows different predominant taxa across groups. (b) The overall taxonomic composition of the four combined groups and the correspondence between the taxa and combined sample groups at the phylum level shows different predominant taxa across the combined groups. (c) NMDS plot of the four categories based on the Bray-Curtis distance indicates a clear distinction in clustering between the diseased and healthy implant sites. (d) Venn diagram shows that most species were detected in all four clinical categories