Fig. 3

Performance comparison of the concatenated traditional descriptor with ESM-2-650 M and ESM-1-b. The “EleTra” descriptor comprised a concatenation of 11 traditional descriptors. esm2_t33_650M_UR50D (ESM-2-650 M), esm1b_t33_650M_UR50S (ESM-1-b), and “EleTra” were individually trained using six Machine learning algorithms. Five metrics, ranging from 0 to 1, were employed to assess the performance of models for A gram-positive and B gram-negative bacteria on the independent test. SN, sensitivity; SP, specificity; ACC, accuracy; MCC, Matthew’s correlation coefficient