The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in young adults

Sun, Ling; Wong, Hai Ming; McGrath, Colman P. J.

doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1015-7

Table 3 Ordinal regression of associations between the factors and OHIP-14

From: The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in young adults

	Functional limitation		Physical pain		Psychological discomfort		Physical disability		Psychological disability		Social disability		Handicap		OHIP total score
	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P
Sociodemographic status
Gender
F^a
M	1.41 (0.81, 2.48)	0.228	1.01 (0.66, 1.56)	0.950	0.93 (0.60, 1.45)	0.753	1.09 (0.64, 1.86)	0.740	1.12 (0.69, 1.83)	0.646	1.23 (0.66, 2.29)	0.507	1.16 (0.61, 2.20)	0.649	0.94 (0.61, 1.43)	0.757
Father’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	0.43 (0.20, 0.94)	0.034*	0.64 (0.34, 1.20)	0.161	0.49 (0.25, 0.93)	0.031*	0.57 (0.26, 1.23)	0.152	0.89 (0.44, 1.82)	0.755	1.03 (0.40, 2.65)	0.946	0.71 (0.27, 1.82)	0.470	0.66 (0.35, 1.25)	0.206
College graduate or above	1.04 (0.33, 3.23)	0.946	1.56 (0.61, 4.00)	0.354	0.54 (0.21, 1.43)	0.218	1.34 (0.44, 4.08)	0.604	0.51 (0.17, 1.52)	0.225	1.39 (0.36, 5.44)	0.633	1.52 (0.40, 5.81)	0.540	0.78 (0.31, 1.97)	0.599
Mother’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	0.62 (0.27, 1.41)	0.258	1.02 (0.53, 1.95)	0.960	1.51 (0.76, 2.99)	0.238	1.47 (0.63, 3.44)	0.375	1.08 (0.52, 2.26)	0.832	1.40 (0.52, 3.77)	0.505	3.21 (0.98, 10.51)	0.054	1.33 (0.69, 2.56)	0.387
College graduate or above	0.55 (0.14, 2.16)	0.391	0.32 (0.11, 0.96)	0.043*	1.71 (0.56, 5.18)	0.345	0.65 (0.16, 2.63)	0.551	1.71 (0.50, 5.87)	0.391	0.60 (0.11, 3.39)	0.566	1.23 (0.19, 7.93)	0.824	0.98 (0.34, 2.81)	0.974
Household income
below HK$10,000^a
HK$10,001-HK$20,000	1.57 (0.52, 4.80)	0.427	0.71 (0.32, 1.58)	0.405	0.76 (0.34, 1.70)	0.502	1.53 (0.52, 4.49)	0.441	1.09 (0.45, 2.65)	0.851	0.70 (0.23, 2.13)	0.527	0.90 (0.27, 3.00)	0.865	0.86 (0.39, 1.90)	0.712
HK$20,001-HK$30,000	2.34 (0.67, 8.20)	0.183	0.78 (0.31, 1.94)	0.593	0.71 (0.28, 1.80)	0.467	1.56 (0.46, 5.25)	0.472	1.16 (0.42, 3.25)	0.772	0.60 (0.16, 2.24)	0.449	0.60 (0.15, 2.47)	0.482	0.91 (0.37, 2.27)	0.844
HK$30,001-HK$40,000	0.87 (0.19, 4.05)	0.858	0.61 (0.22, 1.74)	0.360	0.25 (0.08, 0.81)	0.020*	1.11 (0.27, 4.52)	0.880	0.55 (0.17, 1.83)	0.329	1.01 (0.24, 4.22)	0.984	1.49 (0.34, 6.51)	0.595	0.52 (0.18, 1.47)	0.218
Over HK$40,001	0.67 (0.14, 3.15)	0.615	0.19 (0.06, 0.58)	0.004**	0.26 (0.08, 0.81)	0.021*	0.74 (0.17, 3.20)	0.692	0.20 (0.05, 0.82)	0.026*	0.30 (0.06, 1.66)	0.169	0.10 (0.01, 1.05)	0.055	0.22 (0.07, 0.67)	0.008**
Periodontal and caries status
Periodontal status
CPI score = 0^a
CPI score > 0	1.58 (0.40, 6.14)	0.512	1.96 (0.74, 5.21)	0.176	2.73 (0.90, 8.29)	0.076	0.70 (0.23, 2.09)	0.519	1.44 (0.49, 4.25)	0.508	1.56 (0.33, 7.40)	0.574	1.07 (0.28, 4.13)	0.918	1.72 (0.67, 4.45)	0.261
CPI score < 2^a
CPI score > =2	1.43 (0.44, 4.64)	0.552	1.97 (0.84, 4.62)	0.118	2.20 (0.87, 5.52)	0.095	1.06 (0.38, 2.94)	0.917	1.19 (0.47, 3.02)	0.711	0.92 (0.29, 2.96)	0.887	1.01 (0.31, 3.28)	0.981	1.77 (0.77, 4.05)	0.178
Caries experience
DMFT = 0^a
DMFT> 0	0.78 (0.44, 1.38)	0.392	1.41 (0.91, 2.19)	0.125	1.01 (0.64, 1.59)	0.963	0.90 (0.53, 1.54)	0.704	1.13 (0.69, 1.86)	0.629	0.64 (0.35, 1.19)	0.160	0.73 (0.39, 1.38)	0.330	0.99 (0.64, 1.52)	0.956
< SiC Index value^a
> =SiC Index value	0.90 (0.39, 2.07)	0.808	0.96 (0.52, 1.75)	0.882	0.90 (0.48, 1.69)	0.735	0.88 (0.40, 1.93)	0.746	0.70 (0.35, 1.41)	0.320	0.60 (0.22, 1.65)	0.326	0.47 (0.16, 1.43)	0.185	0.88 (0.48, 1.61)	0.681
Malocclusion
IOTN (DHC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	1.24 (0.61, 2.52)	0.549	1.41 (0.82, 2.42)	0.218	2.22 (1.28, 3.85)	0.005**	0.60 (0.30, 1.22)	0.159	1.52 (0.82, 2.79)	0.181	0.93 (0.42, 2.05)	0.858	0.73 (0.31, 1.71)	0.469	1.49 (0.87, 2.54)	0.147
Definite need	1.59 (0.83, 3.07)	0.164	1.10 (0.66, 1.83)	0.720	1.45 (0.86, 2.46)	0.163	0.82 (0.44, 1.54)	0.538	1.81 (1.01, 3.24)	0.046*	1.04 (0.50, 2.16)	0.922	1.04 (0.49, 2.19)	0.927	1.43 (0.87, 2.37)	0.162
IOTN (AC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	1.35 (0.60, 3.06)	0.468	0.97 (0.52, 1.82)	0.921	2.44 (1.29, 4.61)	0.006**	0.93 (0.42, 2.05)	0.852	2.62 (1.25, 5.49)	0.011*	1.46 (0.63, 3.38)	0.383	1.28 (0.53, 3.08)	0.580	2.04 (1.08, 3.84)	0.027*
Definite need	1.61 (0.59, 4.36)	0.352	0.36 (0.14, 0.89)	0.026*	0.55 (0.22, 1.39)	0.204	1.18 (0.44, 3.18)	0.747	0.76 (0.28, 2.06)	0.589	0.51 (0.11, 2.37)	0.394	1.48 (0.44, 4.99)	0.527	0.83 (0.36, 1.92)	0.665
DAI severity and treatment need
Normal or minor malocclusion^a
Definite malocclusion	1.69 (0.86, 3.31)	0.127	0.94 (0.57, 1.55)	0.804	1.36 (0.81, 2.29)	0.247	0.86 (0.45, 1.62)	0.637	1.56 (0.88, 2.76)	0.128	0.74 (0.35, 1.59)	0.445	0.95 (0.43, 2.10)	0.906	1.15 (0.70, 1.89)	0.576
Severe malocclusion and very severe (handicapping) malocclusion	1.89 (0.96, 3.75)	0.067	1.14 (0.68, 1.93)	0.623	2.02 (1.18, 3.46)	0.011*	1.21 (0.64, 2.27)	0.559	1.77 (0.98, 3.22)	0.060	1.39 (0.68, 2.86)	0.371	1.82 (0.86, 3.85)	0.117	1.79 (1.06, 3.01)	0.029*
ICON treatment need
No^a
Yes	1.42 (0.81, 2.51)	0.224	1.35 (0.86, 2.10)	0.189	2.49 (1.58, 3.94)	0.000**	1.08 (0.63, 1.87)	0.779	2.48 (1.48, 4.16)	0.001**	1.29 (0.69, 2.42)	0.422	1.77 (0.93, 3.37)	0.082	2.08 (1.33, 3.24)	0.001**
PAR score range
Almost ideal or Acceptable occlusion^a
Malocclusion	1.62 (0.93, 2.84)	0.091	1.47 (0.96, 2.25)	0.079	2.09 (1.34, 3.26)	0.001**	1.40 (0.82, 2.37)	0.214	1.70 (1.04, 2.77)	0.033*	1.55 (0.84, 2.87)	0.165	1.56 (0.83, 2.95)	0.170	1.94 (1.26, 2.96)	0.002**

Statistical method: Ordinal regression (link function: logit; model: main effects), each orthodontic index adopted one separate ordinal regression; dependent variable: Physical pain, Psychological discomfort, OHIP scores (1: scores ≤ first quartile; 2: first quartile < scores ≤ second quartile; 3: second quartile < scores ≤ third quartile; 4: scores > third quartile); other domain scores (1: scores ≤ median; 2: scores > median)
a: reference group; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; *: P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01
N: sample size; adjusted OR: malocclusions adjusted for gender, father’s education level (primary school graduate or below, secondary school, post-secondary or above), mother’s education level (levels set as father’s education), household income (below HK$10000, HK$10001-HK$20000, HK$20001-HK$30000, HK$30001-HK$40000, HK$40001 or above), caries experience (DMFT = 0, DMFT >0), and periodontal status (CPI score = 0, CPI score > 0); gender, socioeconomic status, periodontal and caries status adjusted for the previous variables and malocclusion measured by PAR deviation (almost ideal occlusion, acceptable occlusion, malocclusion). SiC Index: Significant Caries Index; SiC index value (SD) was 4.72 (2.021)

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