Abstract
Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is known to be associated with the frequent occurrence of unique gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), preferably occurring in the small intestine, with no mutations in the c-kit proto-oncogene or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA), with a high tendency for multifocal development, indolent nature, with low proliferation activity and favorable prognosis.
Case presentation
A woman in her forties visited her local doctor complaining of menstrual pain; a large mass was detected in her lower abdomen, and she was referred to our hospital. The patient had hundreds of skin warts and café au lait spots. The patient’s mother had been diagnosed with type 1 neurofibromatosis. The patient met the diagnostic criteria for NF1 and was diagnosed with NF1. Ultrasonography showed a large heterogeneous cystic mass with various echo patterns, solid compartments and multiple septations. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a multilocular cystic mass with liquid content exhibiting various intensities, including that of blood. A small round solid mass was also observed close to the cystic tumor. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed that the round solid mass showed strong enhancement in the early phase, unlike the cystic tumor component. Open laparotomy revealed a multicystic exophytic tumor measuring 11.5 cm originating from the jejunal wall, 20 cm distal to the duodenojejunal flexure. A solid tumor measuring 2.1 cm was also found on the anal side of the large tumor. We resected the short segment of the jejunum, including the two lesions. Microscopic findings revealed that the cystic and solid tumors consisted of spindle-shaped tumor cells showing little atypia with a fascicular or bundle arrangement. Nuclear mitosis was scarce. Immunostaining of the tumor cells showed positive staining for KIT and DOG1 and negative staining for S100 and desmin. The NF1 patient was diagnosed with multiple GISTs accompanied by intratumoral hemorrhagic denaturation arising from the jejunum. The TNM staging was pT4N0M0, stage IIIA.
Conclusion
We report a case of GISTs associated with NF1 that showed a jejunal origin, multifocal development and few mitotic figures. The recurrence risk, survival prognosis and need for adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly in cases where the initial GIST exhibits a very indolent pathology in NF1-related GISTs, remain to be elucidated.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant genetic disease with an incidence of 1 in 3000–4000 in the general population [1,2,3,4], is associated with the frequent occurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with clinicopathological features distinct from those of sporadic GISTs. Whereas most sporadic GISTs occur in the stomach and possess c-kit proto-oncogene mutations or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) mutations, GISTs associated with NF1 appear most commonly in the small intestine, especially in the jejunum, and are not accompanied by c-kit or PDGFRA mutations. NF1-related GISTs have also been reported to have a high tendency for multifocal development, indolent nature, low proliferation activity and comparatively favorable prognosis [5,6,7,8].
We report a case of an NF1 patient with multiple GISTs originating from the jejunum accompanied by intratumoral hemorrhagic denaturation who underwent curative resection.
This work is compliant with the SCARE checklist and has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria.
Case report
A woman in her forties visited a local obstetrics and gynecology clinic complaining of menstrual pain. The doctor palpated a large mass in her lower abdomen, and ultrasonography revealed that the mass measured 10 cm in size, was located on the cranial side of the uterus, and reached underneath the umbilicus.
She was referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of our hospital on the same day. Physical examination showed obesity with a body mass index of 42.3 kg/m2 and an abdominal mass that was difficult to palpate and not associated with tenderness. The patient had hundreds of skin warts and café au lait spots on her body. Axillary freckles were also observed. The patient reported that her mother had been diagnosed with type 1 neurofibromatosis, which was diagnosed based on café-au-lait spots and neurofibromatosis. In Japan, genetic testing for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis is generally not performed as a matter of principle. The patient met the diagnostic criteria for NF1 and was diagnosed with NF1 upon this medical examination.
The patient’s routine hemogram and blood biochemistry parameters were within normal limits. Transabdominal ultrasonography showed a large heterogeneous predominantly cystic mass measuring 10.0 cm × 6.9 cm in the left lower abdomen that included echogenic content with a solid compartment and multiple septations (Fig. 1). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a multilocular cystic mass measuring 10.5 × 7.0 × 12.0 cm in size in the left lower abdomen (Fig. 2). The liquid contents of the cysts exhibited various intensities, including that of blood, and the septum and solid components exhibited isointensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images (T1-WIs and T2-WIs). In the largest cystic portion, the fluid fluid levels showed isointensity in the bottom layer and high intensity in the upper layer on T2-WIs. The tumor contacted the left major psoas muscle. On the sagittal T2-WI, a circumscribed homogenous mass measuring 2.0 cm × 1.7 cm was also observed close to the back side of the cystic tumor. This tumor showed peripheral enhancement after contrast medium administration. No abnormalities were seen in the uterus or the bilateral ovary. These findings suggested a diagnosis of a mucinous cystic tumor derived from the left retroperitoneum.
The patient was referred to the surgical department. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was conducted and showed that the multicystic tumor changed in position in a caudal direction in comparison with its appearance on MRI, and a jejunal origin was suggested (Fig. 3A). The tumor had cystic changes and showed a thin wall and multiple septations, had low attenuation internally without enhancement and an enhanced solid compartment (Fig. 3B and C). A round solid nodular mass measuring 18 mm in maximal diameter was in contact with the posterior wall of the cystic tumor (Fig. 3C and D, arrow in each figure). The solid nodule showed high enhancement in the early period of the contrast-enhanced sequence, unlike the cystic tumor component. The enhancement pattern was heterogeneous and rim-like with attenuated central areas. No dilatation of the intestine or intraluminal component was found.
Open laparotomy was conducted and revealed a multicystic exophytic tumor measuring 11.5 cm in maximal diameter originating from the jejunal wall, 20 cm distal to the duodenojejunal flexure. The tumor was adherent to the abdominal wall and adjacent intestinal mesentery, and we dissected the adhesion, which also allowed us to add parietal peritoneum and fat tissue. There was no spillage or rupture of the capsule while removing the tumor. On the nearby anal side, apart from the large tumor, a solid tumor measuring 2.1 cm in size was also found. We resected short segments of the jejunum, including the two lesions, with meticulous handling and anastomosed them in a functional end-to-end manner. The recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged ten days after surgery.
Adjuvant chemotherapy was not administered, and follow-up examinations every 4 months with imaging were advised. She underwent follow-up CT at 4 months and 8 months after the operation, and no evidence of tumor recurrence was observed.
Pathological findings
Gross pathology
The gray and dark red exophytic multicystic mass originated from the serosa aspect of the jejunum, measuring 11.5 cm in maximal diameter, and the small solid tumor originated near the anal side of the cystic tumor, measuring 2.1 cm in maximal diameter (Fig. 4A). The jejunum was cut in the opposite aspect of the tumor and opened. The tumor was not exposed to the mucosal aspect; however, there was significant thinning and shallowing of the mucosal layer in the muscular layer from where the large cystic mass developed (Fig. 4B). The specimens were fixed in formalin, and then the cystic tumor and solid tumor were cut. The cut surface of the cystic tumor showed intratumoral hemorrhage and cystic degeneration, forming a multicystic lesion, and a partially tan-white and myxomatous solid component was also seen (Fig. 4C). Infiltration into the adhered abdominal wall fat was not observed. The small tumor showed a tan-white solid cut surface.
Microscopic findings and immunohistochemical staining
The cystic tumor and the solid tumor consisted of basically similar histology, and spindle-shaped tumor cells showing little atypia formed an interlacing fascicular or bundle arrangement (Fig. 5A and B). Mixed epithelioid histology findings were not observed. The development of an abundant capillary network was also seen in the background. Nuclear mitosis was rare (1/50 high-power field in the multicystic tumor and 0/50 high-power field in the solid tumor). No lymphatic, vascular or perineural invasion was observed. A laceration of the proper muscle layer and replacement by the tumor without invasion into the lumen side was observed, suggesting that the tumor originated from the proper muscle layer (Fig. 5C). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed strong pancytoplasmic staining of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) (Fig. 5D) and the transmembrane protein discovered on GIST (DOG1) (Fig. 5E) [9] and negative staining for S100 (Fig. 5F) and desmin (Fig. 5G). In the proper muscle layer of the adjacent jejunum, between the inner circular muscle layer and the outside longitudinal muscle layer, staining for KIT and DOG1 was seen in a thin linear arrangement and was interpreted to have no association with hyperplasia of KIT-positive cells (Fig. 5H). These findings provide us with the diagnosis of multiple GISTs accompanied by intratumoral hemorrhagic denaturation arising from the jejunal proper muscle in this NF1 patient. The TNM staging (8th edition of the UICC TNM classification of malignant tumors) was pT4N0M0, stage IIIA. The patient was considered high risk according to the Joensuu criteria [10] despite the scant mitosis figures because of the large size of the independent tumor (> 10 cm); the tumor site in the small intestine did not need to be included without taking the reportedly preferable prognosis of NF1-related GISTs into account.
Discussion
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which is also called von Recklinghausen disease, is one of the most common autosomal dominant hereditary diseases and is characterized by abnormal skin pigmentation (café au lait spots and axillary freckling), cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas, skeletal dysplasia, and Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas), while 50% of detected mutations are reported to be de novo [1, 11, 12]. NF1 reduces average life expectancy by 15–10 years, and malignant tumors are the most common cause of death in individuals with this syndrome [1, 13]. NF1 is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17 (17q11.2), which encodes neurofibromin [1, 3, 4]. Point mutations are responsible for 90% of NF1 patients, and a single exon or whole NF1 gene deletion is associated with the remaining 5–7% [14, 15]. Neurofibromin is a member of the GTPase activating protein (GAP) family of ras regulatory proteins [1, 3, 16]. Neurofibromin can stimulate GTPase activity and negatively regulate Ras signal transduction by catalyzing the conversion of the active GTP-bound form of Ras to the inactive GDP-bound form [1, 3, 17]. In this way, neurofibromin functions as a negative regulator of the Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways [3].
Optic pathway gliomas and neurofibromas are the most common neoplasms. Gastrointestinal abnormalities are reported in frequencies up to 5–25% in NF1 patients [6, 18]; Bakker reported the heighest frequency with neurofibromas among the gastrointestinal neoplasms except carcinoid in NF1 patients, followed by leiomyomas (13%), ganglioneurofibromas (9.8%) and GISTs (6.5%) [19]. GISTs are strongly associated with NF1, and this tumor type has been reported to have distinct characteristics, including the following: younger age of onset; development of multiple generally low-grade tumors preferably localized in the small intestine, particularly the jejunum; female predominance; and absence of KIT or PDGFRA mutations in comparison with sporadic GISTs [20, 21]. The lifetime risk of GIST occurrence for patients with NF1 has been estimated to be as high as 10–20% [22,23,24]. In the general population, GISTs are the most common gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors and typically show positive staining for KIT and DOG1 immunohistochemically [9, 25]. KIT is encoded by the proto-oncogene c-kit [26,27,28], and c-kit gene mutations are detected in approximately 80–85% of sporadic GISTs [29]. On the other hand, NF1 patients, regardless of whether there is positive staining for KIT immunohistochemically, are known to have an absence of c-kit gene mutations, and the pathogenesis of GISTs among sporadic and NF1 populations is considered different; however, their distinctions in biological malignancy degree and survival prognosis remain to be elucidated [30]. Unlike sporadic GISTs accompanied by gain-of-function mutations in c-kit or PDGFRA, the inactivation of neurofibromin predominantly activates the MAP-kinase pathway regardless of the state of KIT expression, while the JAK-STAT3 and PI3K-AKT pathways are activated to a lesser degree in NF1-related GISTs [31].
Loss of neurofibromin activates RAS kinases and downstream kinases, including the MEK-MAPK pathway, and the subsequent expression of ETS Variant Transcription Factor 1 (ETV1), which is an E twenty-six (ETS) family transcription factor expressed in both imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant GISTs required for GIST growth and survival, is a master regulator of an interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-GIST-specific transcription network and may induce KIT expression in NF1-associated GISTs [20, 27, 28]; this was seen in the immunostaining results in the present case. For normal ICC development and GIST survival, both KIT and ETV1 are needed, and KIT and ETV1 cooperate in GIST oncogenesis [32]. These observations might suggest that NF1 without c-kit mutations possesses an advantage of lower proliferation than sporadic GISTs with c-kit mutations due to differences in the oncogenic activity of the two tumors; this may be reflected in the reports of scant mitotic counts and favorable prognosis of NF1-related GISTs. In addition, although it is believed that patients with NF1 are born with one inactivated NF1 allele and develop tumors when the second allele is lost [33], NF1-related GISTs have gains and losses of chromosome regions similar to those seen in sporadic GISTs, such as frequent losses of chromosomes 11, 14, 22 and 1p [31]. This might suggest that in addition to a second NF1 gene hit according to Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis [34], perhaps multiple events are needed for an NF1-related GIST to cause symptoms. Over 2,600 pathogenic gene variants leading to the onset of NF1 have been reported [3]. Since there is no clear correlation observed between these genotypes and the phenotypes, it is possible that there may be types that require changes in other genes in addition to the wild-type allele mutation. NF1-related GISTs have been reported to have an indolent nature and comparatively favorable prognosis, while a report showed that the prognosis of patients with NF1-related GISTs was similar to that of patients with conventional GISTs [21]. This dissociation has been controversial. The long-term prognosis of NF1-related GISTs has not yet been sufficiently elucidated. Specifically, it is necessary to conduct large-scale studies to determine the recurrence rate, overall survival, and need for adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly in cases where the initial GIST exhibits a very indolent pathology.
Conclusion
We report a case of a rare subtype of GISTs associated with NF1 that shows clinical manifestations that differ from those of sporadic GISTs, such as a jejunal origin, multifocal development and scant mitotic figures. Hence, unlike sporadic GISTs, most NF1-related GISTs are not accompanied by c-kit mutations, and the pathogenesis of sporadic and NF1-related GISTs is considered to differ. The recurrence risk, survival prognosis and need for adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly in cases where the initial GIST exhibits a very indolent pathology in NF1-related GISTs, have not been sufficiently clarified and remain to be elucidated.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Abbreviations
- NF1:
-
Neurofibromatosis type 1
- GIST:
-
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- PDGFRA:
-
Platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imagimg
- T1-WI:
-
T1-weighted image
- T2-WI:
-
T2-weighted image
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- KIT:
-
Type III receptor tyrosine kinase
- DOG1:
-
Discovered on GIST
- GTPase:
-
Guanosine triphosphatase
- GAP:
-
GTPase activating protein
- GTP:
-
Guanosine triphosphate
- GDP:
-
Guanosine diphosphate
- Ras:
-
Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PI3K:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- Raf:
-
Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma
- MEK:
-
Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulator kinase
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- JAK:
-
Janus kinase
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- ETS:
-
E twenty-six
- ETV1:
-
ETS Variant Transcription Factor 1
- ICC:
-
Interstitial cell of Cajal
References
Tamura R. Current understanding of neurofibromatosis type 1, 2, and Schwannomatosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:5850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115850.
Mishra A, Gyawali S, Kharel S, Mishra A, Pathak N, Subedi N, Gaire P. Multiple jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumors and neurofibromatosis type 1: a rare association. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2021;85:106178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j,ijscr.2021.106178.
Nix JS, Blakeley J, Rodriguez FJ. An update on the central nervous system manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;139:625–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02002-2.
Walker JA, Upadhyaya M. Emerging therapeutic targets for neurofibromatosis type 1. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2018;22:419–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2018.1465931.
Baheti AD, Shinagare AB, O’Neill AC, Krajewski KM, Hornick JL, George S, Ramaiya NH, Tirumani SH. MDCT and clinicopathological features of small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors in 102 patients: a single institute experience. Br J Radiol. 2015;88:20150085. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150085.
Agaimy A, Vassos N, Croner RS. Gastrointestinal manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Recklinghausen’s disease): clinicopathological spectrum with pathogenetic considerations. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2012;5:852–62.
Mussi C, Schildhaus HU, Gronchi A, Wardelmann E, Hohenberger P. Therapeutic consequences from molecular biology for gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients affected by neurofiburomatosis type 1. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4550–5. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0086.
Takazawa Y, Sakurai S, Sakuma Y, Ikeda T, Yamaguchi J, Hashizume Y, Yokoyama S, Motegi A, Fukayama M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen’s disease). Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:755–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pas.0000163359.32734.f9.
West RB, Corless CL, Chen X, Rubin BP, Subramanian S, Montgomery K, Zhu S, Ball CA, Nielsen TO, Patel R, Goldblum JR, Brown PO, Heinrich MC, van de Rijn M. The novel marker, DOG1, is expressed ubiquitously in gastrointestinal stromal tumors irrespective of KIT or PDGFRA mutation status. Am J Pathol. 2004;165:107–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63279-8.
Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J, Nishida T, Steigen SE, Brabec P, Plank L, Nilsson B, Cirilli C, Braconi C, Bordoni A, Magnusson MK, Linke Z, Sufliarsky J, Federico M, Jonasson JG, Dei Tos AP, Rutkowski P. Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumor after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:265–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70299-6.
Kallionpää RA, Uusitalo E, Leppävirta J, Pöyhönen M, Peltonen S, Peltonen J. Prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 in the Finnish population. Genet Med. 2018;20:1082–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2017.215.
Legius E, Messiaen L, Wolkenstein P, Pancza P, Avery RA, Berman Y, Blakeley J, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Cunha KS, Ferner R, Fisher MJ, Friedman JM, Gutmann DH, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Korf BR, Mautner VF, Peltonen S, Rauen KA, Riccardi V, Schorry E, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Stevenson DA, Tadini G, Ullrich NJ, Viskochil D, Wimmer K, Yohay K, International Consensusu Group on Neurofibromatosis DC Criteria (I-NF-DC), Huson SM, Evans DG, Poltkin SR. Revised diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1 and Legius syndrome: an international consensus recommendation. Genet Med. 2021;23:1506–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01170-5.
Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM. NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010118.
Pasmant E, Sabbagh A, Hanna N, Masliah-Planchon J, Jolly E, Goussard P, Ballerini P, Cartault F, Barbarot S, Landman-Parker J, Soufir N, Parfait B, Vidaud M, Wolkenstein P, Vidaud D, France RN. SPRED1 germline mutations caused a neurofibromatosis type1 overlapping phenotype. J Med Genet. 2009;46:425–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.2008.065243.
Scheffzek K, Ahmadian MR, Wiesmüller L, Kabsch W, Stege P, Schmitz F, Wittinghofer A. Structural analysis of the GAP-related domain from neurofibromin and its implications. EMBO J. 1998;17:4313–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.15.4313.
Taniguchi M, Nishida T, Hirota S, Isozaki K, Ito T, Nomura T, Matsuda H, Kitamura Y. Effect of c-kit mutation on prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4297–300.
Boguski MS, McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature. 1993;366:643–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/366643a0.
Yantiss RK, Rosenberg AE, Sarran L, Besmer P, Antonescu CR. Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in type I neurofibromatosis: a pathologic and molecular study. Mod Pathol. 2005;18:475–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800334.
Bakker JR, Haber MM, Garcia FU. Gastrointestinal neurofibromatosis: an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Am Surg. 2005;71:100–5.
Andersson J, Sihto H, Meis-Kindblom JM, Joensuu H, Nupponen N, Kindblom LG. NF1-associated gastrointestinal stromal tumors have unique clinical, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1170–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pas.0000159775.77912.15.
Nishida T, Tsujimoto M, Takahashi T, Hirota S, Blay JY, Wataya-Kaneda M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Japanese patients with neurofibromatosis type I. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:571–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1132-6.
Garrouche N, Ben Abdallah A, Arifa N, Hasni I, Ben Cheikh Y, Ben Farhat W, Ben Amor S, Jemni H. Spectrum of gastrointestinal lesions of neurofibromatosis type 1: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 2018;9:661–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0648-8.
Levy AD, Patel N, Dow N, Abbott RM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: abdominal neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2005;25:455–80. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.252045176.
Donk W, Poyck P, Westenend P, Lesterhuis W, Hesp F. Recurrent abdominal complains caused by a cecal neurofibroma: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:3953–6. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3953.
Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, Hashimoto K, Nishida T, Ishiguro S, Kawano K, Hanada M, Kurata A, Takeda M, Muhammad Tunio G, Matsuzawa Y, Kanakura Y, Shinomura Y, Kitamura Y. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279:577–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5350.577.
Besmer P, Murphy JE, George PC, Qiu FH, Bergold PJ, Lederman L, Snyder HW Jr, Brodeur D, Zuckerman EE, Hardy WD. A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family. Nature. 1986;320:415–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/320415a0.
Chabot B, Stephenson DA, Chapman VM, Besmer P, Bernstein A. The proto-oncogene c-kit encoding a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor maps to the mouse W locus. Nature. 1988;335:88–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/335088a0.
Geissler EN, Ryan MA, Housman DE. The dominant-white spotting (W) locus of the mouse encodes the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell. 1988;55:185–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(88)90020-7.
Joensuu H, Hohenberger P, Corless CL. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Lancet. 2013;382:973–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60106-3.
Kinoshita K, Hirota S, Isozaki K, Ohashi A, Nishida T, Kitamura Y, Shinomura Y, Matsuzawa Y. Absence of c-kit gene mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumours from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. J Pathol. 2004;202:80–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1487.
Maertens O, Prenen H, Debiec-Rychter M, Wozniak A, Sciot R, Pauwels P, De Wever I, Vermeesch JR, de Raedt T, De Paepe A, Speleman F, van Oosterom A, Messiaen L, Legius E. Molecular pathogenesis of multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in NF1 patients. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15:1015–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl016.
Chi P, Chen Y, Zhang L, Guo X, Wongvipat J, Shamu T, Fletcher JA, Dewell S, Maki RG, Zheng D, Antonescu CR, Allis CD, Sawyers CL. ETV1 is a lineage survival factor that cooperates with KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Nature. 2010;467:849–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09409.
Pemov A, Li H, Patidar R, Hansen NF, Sindiri S, Hartley SW, Wei JS, Elkahloun A, Chandrasekharappa SC, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Boland JF, Bass S, NCI DCEG Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Mullikin JC, Khan J, Widemann BC, Wallace MR, Stewart DR. The primacy of NF1 loss as the driver of tumorigenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1-associated plexiform neurofiromas. Oncogeen. 2017;36:3168–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.464.
Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971;68:820–3. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.68.4.820.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Third-party submissions
None.
Open-access licensing
Creative Commons Attribution v4.0 International license (CC BY).
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Hideki Nagano participated in the operation and drafted the manuscript. Shigekazu Ohyama performed the preoperative investigation, conducted the operation and interpreted the results. Atsushi Sato, Jun Igarashi and Tomoko Yamamoto participated in the operations and the revision of the manuscript. Masumi Kadoya conducted the radiological examination and interpreted the images. Mikiko Kobayashi conducted the pathological examination and immunostaining and interpreted the results. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures used in this research were approved by the Ethics Committee of Marunouchi Hospital (#23–5).
Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Nagano, H., Ohyama, S., Sato, A. et al. Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor that developed in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report. Diagn Pathol 18, 110 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-023-01398-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-023-01398-6