Association between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a UK Biobank cohort study

Ma, Ting; Yang, Lingling; Wu, Miaomiao; Wang, Bo; Li, Jiangping; Yang, Jiafei; Sun, Xian

doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01807-4

Table 5 Association of coffee and tea with stroke in the UK Biobank cohort by smoking status

From: Association between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a UK Biobank cohort study

Group		Smoking status-never				Smoking status-former				Smoking status-current				P for interaction
Group		Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	Multi-adjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	Multi-adjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	Multi-adjusted HR (95% CI)	P value	P for interaction
Coffee (cups/d)
0		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		0.238
0.5–1		1.788 (0.937–3.413)	0.078	0.709 (0.468–1.073)	0.104	0.584 (0.409–0.833)	0.003	0.648 (0.452–0.927)	0.018	0.872 (0.501–1.519)	0.629	0.667 (0.336–1.326)	0.248
2–4		1.187 (0.608–2.318)	0.616	0.878 (0.609–1.267)	0.486	0.708 (0.521–0.962)	0.027	0.792 (0.579–1.082)	0.143	0.543 (0.287–1.028)	0.061	0.659 (0.359–1.207)	0.177
≥ 5		1.493 (0.788–2.828)	0.219	0.597 (0.311–1.147)	0.122	0.633 (0.416–0.963)	0.033	0.776 (0.507–1.187)	0.242	0.526 (0.302–0.917)	0.023	1.216 (0.688–2.149)	0.501
Tea (cups/d)
0		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		0.731
0.5–1		0.877 (0.500–1.538)	0.647	0.869 (0.494–1.530)	0.627	0.816 (0.524–1.272)	0.369	0.814 (0.522–1.270)	0.366	1.422 (0.846–2.391)	0.184	0.621 (0.281–1.369)	0.237
2–4		0.922 (0.603–1.410)	0.707	0.821 (0.534–1.263)	0.371	0.710 (0.511–0.987)	0.042	0.664 (0.475–0.927)	0.016	0.800 (0.364–1.755)	0.578	0.533 (0.301–0.941)	0.030
≥ 5		1.115 (0.716–1.737)	0.629	1.050 (0.671–1.642)	0.831	0.868 (0.615–1.226)	0.421	0.814 (0.574–1.155)	0.249	0.729 (0.417–1.275)	0.268	0.629 (0.369–1.070)	0.087
Coffee (cups/d)	Tea (cups/d)
0	0	1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		1.000 (Ref)		0.547
0	0.5–1	0.776 (0.201–3.003)	0.714	0.596 (0.149–2.394)	0.466	0.994 (0.182–5.430)	0.995	0.588 (0.206–1.675)	0.320	0.485 (0.054–4.365)	0.518	0.504 (0.047–5.429)	0.572
0	2–4	0.960 (0.410–2.247)	0.925	0.676 (0.282–1.621)	0.380	1.338 (0.461–3.883)	0.592	0.347 (0.81–1.485)	0.154	0.452 (0.113–1.808)	0.261	0.231 (0.043–1.234)	0.086
0	≥ 5	1.137 (0.490–2.639)	0.765	0.852 (0.361–2.014)	0.715	1.927 (0.689–5.387)	0.211	0.648 (0.381–1.101)	0.109	0.827 (0.270–2.539)	0.740	0.379 (0.102–1.104)	1.146
0.5–1	0	0.199 (0.024–1.672)	0.137	0.137 (0.014–1.317)	0.085	1.466 (0.393–5.463)	0.569	1.174 (0.212–6.511)	0.854	1.466 (0.393–5.463)	0.569	0.810 (0.570–1.150)	0.236
0.5–1	0.5–1	0.492 (0.127–1.902)	0.304	0.474 (0.119–1.882)	0.289	0.591 (0.159–2.201)	0.433	0.474 (0.122–1.841)	0.281	0.941 (0.156–5.675)	0.947	3.043 (0.362–25.597)	0.306
0.5–1	2–4	0.661 (0.276–1.583)	0.352	0.552 (0.219–1.391)	0.208	0.707 (0.275–1.814)	0.470	0.537 (0.200–1.444)	0.218	0.259 (0.043–1.549)	0.139	0.259 (0.040–1.684)	0.157
0.5–1	≥ 5	0.864 (0.356–2.096)	0.747	0.830 (0.324–2.126)	0.699	0.413 (0.149–1.148)	0.090	0.327 (0.113–0.946)	0.039	0.426 (0.086–2.116)	0.297	0.340 (0.063–1.831)	0.209
2–4	0	1.198 (0.464–3.091)	0.709	1.321 (0.495–3.522)	0.579	1.411 (0.493–4.042)	0.521	1.363 (0.453–4.098)	0.582	0.754 (0.226–2.521)	0.647	0.427 (0.098–1.857)	0.256
2–4	0.5–1	1.259 (0.594–2.665)	0.548	1.325 (0.622–2.822)	0.465	0.916 (0.678–1.239)	0.570	0.945 (0.698–1.280)	0.714	0.471 (0.166–1.333)	0.156	0.503 (0.176–1.435)	0.199
2–4	2–4	1.157 (0.510–2.624)	0.727	1.360 (0.593–3.120)	0.468	0.771 (0.604–0.984)	0.037	0.770 (0.600–0.988)	0.040	0.345 (0.122–0.976)	0.477	0.897 (0.560–1.439)	0.653
2–4	≥ 5	0.908 (0.447–1.847)	0.790	0.985 (0.482–2.011)	0.966	0.908 (0.681–1.210)	0.511	0.913 (0.680–1.225)	0.544	0.345 (0.122–0.976)	0.045	0.321 (0.113–0.915)	0.033
≥ 5	0	0.64090.203–2.020)	0.447	0.735 (0.204–2.644)	0.637	1.293 (0.440–3.806)	0.640	1.407 (0.440–4.495)	0.565	0.824 (0.272–2.494)	0.731	0.570 (0.167–1.941)	0.368
≥ 5	0.5–1	0.460 (0.095–2.219)	0.333	0.513 (0.099–2.664)	0.427	0.954 (0.714–1.274)	0.750	1.009 (0.751–1.357)	0.951	0.867 (0.573–1.313)	0.502	0.842 (0.551–1.286)	0.426
≥ 5	2–4	0.843 (0.218–3.266)	0.805	0.851 (0.188–3.856)	0.835	0.729 (0.509–1.045)	0.086	0.738 (0.511–1.067)	0.106	0.776 (0.513–1.173)	0.229	0.773 (0.498–1.200)	0.251
≥ 5	≥ 5	0.334 (0.041–2.722)	0.306	0.356 (0.042–3.014)	0.343	0.745 (0.458–1.211)	0.235	0.694 (0.425–1.134)	0.145	1.258 (0.943–1.680)	0.119	1.200 (0.883–1.629)	0.244

Multivariable model is adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, qualification, income, BMI, alcohol status, physical activity, diet pattern, HDL, LDL, hypertension and we adjusted for coffee in tea analysis or for tea in coffee analysis
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, UK Biobank United Kingdom Biobank, BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein

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