Fecal profiling reveals a common microbial signature for pancreatic cancer in Finnish and Iranian cohorts

Table 2 Beta diversity analysis via PERMANOVA

Variable	Groups	Group comparisons	pseudo-F statistic^a	p value^b	p value^b (Bonferroni)
Clinical groups A	FPDAC, FHC, IPDAC, IHC	FPDAC vs. FHC	2.37449	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
		IPDAC vs. IHC	5.13292	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
		IPDAC vs. FPDAC	3.88052	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
		IHC vs. FHC	3.82313	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Clinical groups B	PDAC (FPDAC + IPDAC), HC (FHC + IHC)	PDAC vs. HC	5.82668	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Population origin	All Finnish (FPDAC + FHC), All Iranian (IPDAC + IHC)	All Finnish vs. All Iranian	5.91189	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

^apseudo-F is a measure of effect size. The larger it is, the greater the difference in the respective comparison
^bp values < 0.05 indicate significant differences in the average community compositions of the compared groups
FHC, Finnish HC; FPDAC, Finnish PDAC; HC, healthy control; IHC, Iranian HC; IPDAC, Iranian PDAC; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma