Heat consumption scenarios in the rural residential sector: the potential of heat pump-based demand-side management for sustainable heating

Table 1 Conversion and efficiency factors in the light of local capabilities. Source: [46,47,48]

Fuel type	Values	Units	Appliance	Efficiency
Firewood (moisture content 45%)	2.42	MWh/m³	Wood burning stove	0.55
Natural gas	9.60	kWh/m³	Boiler	0.75
Lignite	2.44	kWh/kg	Multi-fuel stove	0.45
Electricity	1	kWh	Water heater	0.85