Evaluating endophenotypes for bipolar disorder

Table 1 Evaluation of putative endophenotypes for bipolar disorder

Endophenotype	Associated with BD	Heritability	State-independence	Co-segregation	Familial association	Total
Imaging endophenotypes
White matters abnormalities	+++	+++	+	+	+++	11
Acc cortical thickness	+++	+	+	+	+	7
Cognitive, emotional and reward processing endophenotypes
Attention and executive dysfunctions	+++	+++	+	++	+	10
Dysregulation of emotion and reward	+++	+	++	+	+	8
Learning and memory	+++	+	+	±	+	6.5
Impaired facial expression recognition	+	+	+	+	+	5
Molecular endophenotypes
CCL11	+	+	±	+	+	4.5
sTNFR1	+	−	+++	0	0	4
CCL24	++	0	++	−	−	4
CXCL10	++	−	++	0	0	4
BDNF	+	+	±	±	−	3
CRP	+	+	±	±	−	3
TWEAK	++	0	+	0	0	3
IL-10	±	+	±	−	−	2
OPG	+	−	±	0	0	1.5

− one or more studies did not support this finding (with no positive studies), or the majority of studies do not support this finding; ± equal number of studies support this finding and do not support this finding; + at least one study supports this finding and no studies do not support this finding, or the majority of studies support this finding; ++ two or more studies support this finding, and no studies do not support this finding; +++ three or more studies support this finding, and no studies do not support this finding; 0, data not available
Scores: − 0; ± 0.5; + 1