Table 5 Awareness of anesthesiologists about the effect of the anesthetic drugs on cognitive function and the precautions that can protect patients from POCD

What is the expected effect of the following anesthetic drugs on cognitive function? [n (%)]

Propofol

Has no effect on cognitive function

12 (17.9%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

28 (41.8%)

Increases the risk of POCD

27 (40.3%)

Midazolam

Has no effect on cognitive function

2 (3.0%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

6 (9.0%)

Increases the risk of POCD

59 (88.1%)

Ketamine

Has no effect on cognitive function

4 (6.0%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

19 (28.4%)

Increases the risk of POCD

44 (65.7%)

Fentanyl

Has no effect on cognitive function

18 (26.9%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

25 (37.3%)

Increases the risk of POCD

24 (35.8%)

Sevoflurane

Has no effect on cognitive function

11 (16.4%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

18 (26.9%)

Increases the risk of POCD

38 (56.7%)

Isoflurane

Has no effect on cognitive function

10 (14.9%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

13 (19.4%)

Increases the risk of POCD

44 (65.7%)

Atracrurium

Has no effect on cognitive function

32 (47.8%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

30 (44.8%)

Increases the risk of POCD

5 (7.5%)

Dexmedetomidine

Has no effect on cognitive function

14 (20.9%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

35 (52.2%)

Increases the risk of POCD

18 (26.9%)

Neostigmine

Has no effect on cognitive function

25 (37.3%)

Decreases the risk of POCD

33 (49.3%)

Increases the risk of POCD

9 (13.4%)

Do you think that the following precautions can protect patients from POCD? [n (%)]

Avoiding inta-operative hypoxia, hypoglycemia, or hypoperfusion

66 (98.5%)

Multimodal analgesia

61 (91.0%)

Using drugs such as ketamine, dexmedetomidine, melatonin, or neostigmine

39 (58.2%)

Good post-operative analgesia

57 (85.1%)

Avoiding the use of anticholinergic drugs or benzodiazepines

58 (86.6%)