Fig. 3

Milestones in the development of Aβ-targeted and tau-targeted therapies. This figure summarizes key milestones in the discovery of Aβ and tau pathologies, the identification of associated genes, the formulation of major pathogenic hypotheses, and the development of targeted therapeutics. After decades of drug development, the anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies Aducanumab (2021), Lecanemab (2023), and Donanemab (2024) received FDA approval, representing significant advances in disease-modifying therapies. In contrast, between 2021 and 2023, several tau-targeting immunotherapies (including Gosuranemab, Tilavonemab, Zagotenemab, and Semorinemab) failed to meet primary endpoints in clinical trials. Meanwhile, the antisense oligonucleotide BIIB080, which reduces tau translation by targeting MAPT pre-mRNA and promoting its degradation, has demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in clinical studies