Abstract
Mushrooms and allies belong to the Agaricomycetes lineage of Basidiomycota. A total of 260 species, belonging in 109 genera, 51 families and 13 orders have been reported from São Tomé and Príncipe between 1851 and 2020, of which 66 were described as new species. They range in body forms from agarics and boletes to polyporoid, clavarioid, coralloid, thelephoroid, stereoid, corticioid, hydnoid, cantherelloid, gasteroid, and jelly fungi. The vast majority are saprotrophs, a small number are plant pathogens, and a rare few may be ectomycorrhizal. Sixty species, 23%, can be classified putative endemics. The current state of knowledge of the Agaricomycetes from the nation is based on fewer than ten expeditions in the past 170 years and represents only a snapshot of the actual diversity that is likely present.
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Introduction
This chapter constitutes a preliminary accounting of the mushrooms and allied taxa (Fungi, Basidiomycota) that occur in the West African island nation São Tomé and Príncipe (ST&P). Herein, we treat only organisms currently recognized as belonging to the Agaricomycetes lineage, comprising most mushroom-forming taxa. These charismatic megafungi are recognized easily in the field although understudied in tropical Africa. The names associated with each species are based historically on morphological features of their sexual reproductive structures, i.e., the mushrooms, supplemented now with molecular sequence data.
The Agaricomycetes comprises organisms commonly called gilled fungi (agarics), boletes, polypores, club and coral fungi, thelephoroid and stereoid fungi, corticioid fungi (resupinates), tooth fungi, cantherelloid fungi, gasteroid fungi (puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, earthstars) and jelly fungi. They form sexual reproductive structures (basidiomes) large enough to be observed with the naked eye and broadly defined as mushrooms (= macrofungi). Their vegetative, mycelial stage serves numerous ecological roles as saprotrophs, mixotrophs, pathogens, endophytes, and mycorrhizae, and aids in soil generation, erosion control, biofiltration, nutrient retention and other important bioprocesses. Their sporulating stage, beyond functioning as the dispersal and reproductive phase, serves as a food source for myriad organisms. Many lineages produce basidiomes harvested by indigenous cultures in West Africa (e.g., chanterelles, boletes, oyster mushrooms, wood ears, etc.) and used for food, medicine, textile dyeing, a source of income and other sociological aspects (entheogens) (Osarenkhoe et al. 2014). Although the mycota of the region is diverse and abundant, only limited research has been published on the fungi of ST&P, primarily because few mycologists have visited the islands. Several expeditions in the late nineteenth century, a single excursion in the twentieth century, and several in the twenty-first century constitute the total acquisitions upon which our current knowledge of the diversity of Agaricomycetes from ST&P is based.
History of Agaricomycetes Research
The first published account of Agaricomycetes from São Tomé was a report by Elias M. Fries (1851) of six species collected by Krebs (no further collector information was provided) in a paper entitled Novarum Symbolarum Mycologicarum Mantissa. Four of these were described as new species, viz., Agaricus papularis Fr., A. macromastes Fr., Panus troglodytes Fr., and Lentinus flaccidus Fr., the first three of which have not been treated since, and their taxonomic placement is uncertain. This was followed by a more substantive contribution from G. Winter (1886) based on his study of specimens collected from São Tomé in 1885 by A. Moller, Inspector of the Botanical Garden of Coimbra, and Francisco A. Dias Quintas and F. Newton, Portuguese botanists. Winter’s (1886) paper was an accounting of 100 species of Fungi as part of the Flora de S. Thomé, Contribuições para o Estudo da Flora d’Africa, compiled by J. Henriques (1886). Of these, 29 represented species of Basidiomycota; none were new species. Roumeguère (1889) examined a number of the fungal specimens collected from São Tomé by Moller, Quintas and Newton and reported four species of Basidiomycota, of which one, Stereum amphirhytes Sacc. & Berl. was reported as new (published again that same year by Saccardo and Berlese). The species has not been treated since. Saccardo and Berlese (1889) also studied some Moller and Newton specimens from ST&P and reported 13 species of Basidiomycota, of which six represented new species. In a paper on Fungi from Cameroon, Bresadola (1890) reported three species of Polyporus from São Tomé, including one new species, P. squamulosus Bres. The most significant early accounting of Fungi from ST&P were the papers by Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) and Bresadola (1891), which comprised a re-examination of the material reported by Winter (1886) and inclusion of additional taxa from specimens not treated by Winter. Collectively, these two papers reported 83 species of Basidiomycota from ST&P, of which 9 were new taxa. The specimens reported from ST&P between 1886 and 1891, representing 113 species, were deposited in the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B), but unfortunately were destroyed in a fire in 1943, making taxonomic confirmation now impossible. Consequently, the taxonomic placement of the new species is uncertain, and the occurrence on ST&P of many of the other species reported, which were based primarily on European epithets, is questionable.
During the twentieth century, the only significant contribution to our knowledge of Fungi from ST&P was that of António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, Professor of Horticulture at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa. Coutinho (1925) reported 74 Basidiomycota and two Ascomycota from São Tomé, based on material collected in 1920 by his son Martinho de França Pereira Coutinho, and Professor Manuel de Sousa da Câmara, Head of Section and Director, respectively, of the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at the same Institute. Eighty-two percent of the species were collected at Água-Izé. Ten of the Basidiomycota represented new species.
Contemporary treatments of Agaricomycetes from ST&P based on newly collected specimens and molecular systematic approaches did not begin until the early twenty-first century. In 2001, Dr. Robert C. Drewes, Curator of Herpetology at the California Academy of Sciences, led a multidisciplinary research expedition to ST&P, the beginning of two decades of intensive exploration of the islands to document their biodiversity (Drewes 2002). In April 2006 (2 weeks) Desjardin, and in April 2008 (3 weeks), Desjardin and Perry conducted extensive fieldwork on ST&P, documenting the diversity of macrofungi (fleshy Agaricomycetes, excluding polypores and corticioid fungi). To honor Robert Drewes, who has dedicated more than 40 years of his life to research in Africa, and who introduced us to the island nation, we described Phallus drewesii Desjardin & B.A. Perry (Phallaceae, Fig. 8.1–5) in our premier paper (Desjardin and Perry 2009). Subsequently, partial results of these expeditions were published in nine additional papers (Desjardin and Perry 2015a, b, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020; Desjardin et al. 2017; Cooper et al. 2018; Grace et al. 2019), reporting 126 species of Agaricomycetes, including 36 new species. This research is ongoing—78 additional specimens, representing approx. 50 species, await publication. Several other researchers have documented macrofungi from the region over the past decade. Decock (2011) described Truncospora oboensis Decock (Polyporaceae, Fig. 8.1–4) and Coltricia oboensis Decock (2013) (Hymenochaetaceae) as new from material collected from high elevation cloud forests on São Tomé. Degreef et al. (2013) reported two rare Phallaceae, Blumenavia angolensis (Welw. & Curr.) Dring and Mutinus zenkeri (Henn.) E. Fisch., from São Tomé. Most of the species included in these contemporary publications are represented by single or very few specimens, although the specimens are deposited in herbaria and accessible for future studies.
Diversity and Endemism
Our knowledge of the diversity of fungi globally is incomplete due to their unique biology (cryptic mycelium producing often inconspicuous, short-lived sporulating structures upon which their names are based) and difficulty in identification (Willis 2018). In ST&P, documentation of the diversity of Agaricomycetes is rather depauperate as a direct result of limited fieldwork conducted there to date. Fungal species reported prior to 1925 is a reflection of the peregrinations of itinerant botanists, not the result of a concerted effort to document the fungi from the region. Their serendipitous encounters with mushrooms produced exsiccati that were often squashed between paper and blotters in plant presses and dried amongst the plant specimens that were the focus of early expeditions. Subsequent research in the twentieth century (Coutinho 1925) produced better quality specimens, but as with earlier expeditions, focused primarily on easily collected and preserved polypores and allies. It was not until the twenty-first century that a concerted effort was made to document the Agaricomycetes from the nation, supported by well documented fungarium specimens and molecular data (research of Desjardin, Perry and colleagues). Combining the unsubstantiated early reports with new vouchered reports, we account for 260 species of Agaricomycetes from ST&P, representing 109 genera, 51 families and 13 orders (Appendix).
It is difficult to compare these numbers with those of Agaricomycetes recorded from neighboring countries of West Africa (Piepenbring et al. 2020). We recognize that what we are presenting herein is only a snapshot of the actual mushroom diversity from the islands. More effort needs to be focused on documenting the polypores and similar taxa with persistent basidiomes whose early reports are not vouchered, and continued work on taxa with fleshy, putrescent basidiomes in understudied lineages.
Determining the distribution status of fungi is fraught with difficulties. Many areas of the world have not been explored for fungi, and documentation from tropical Africa is especially limited. It is premature to state unequivocally that any species is “endemic” until we have more data on the diversity of fungi from understudied areas. For this treatise, if a species was described as new from São Tomé or Príncipe and it has not yet been reported from elsewhere, we recognize the taxon as a putative endemic and annotate as such in the Appendix. Under this scenario, 66 new species have been described from material collected on ST&P, of which six species have been reported as occurring elsewhere. Hence, 60 species can be considered as putative endemics, or a 23% level of endemism in the Agaricomycetes from ST&P.
Species reports, where identification was based on molecular phylogenetic data, indicate that ST&P mushrooms or their closest relatives occur in neighboring West and Central African countries (Cameroon, Sierra Leone, DR Congo), other parts of continental Africa and Madagascar, South East and South-Central Asia, and tropical America (pers. obs.). No attempt was made to rate species as resident, migrant, vagrant or introduced as such categorizations would be only speculative. We recognize that the mushrooms commonly collected in habitats dominated by introduced plants, such as coastal cacao-banana groves, coffee plantations and other agricultural sites, most likely represent introduced species, however, we have not annotated them as such. Interestingly, a number of the species that we encountered in human-altered lowland habitats, either also occur in or have their closest known relatives in the Caribbean region. This could indicate unidirectional or bidirectional introduction of fungal species associated with aspects of the slave or agricultural trade.
Ecology and Conservation
The macrofungi of ST&P are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing leaf litter and woody substrates. A number of species may be pathogens, associated with root or heart rot of woody plants (e.g., Bjerkandera, Fomes), while a rare few are biotroph associates of mosses (Cotylidia). The ectomycorrhizal status of ST&P fungi is unknown, but we suspect that there are very few because of the paucity of ectotrophic host plant genera. A cross-reference of the annotated list of Angiosperms for ST&P (Figueiredo et al. 2011) with a list of global ectotrophic host plant genera (Brundrett 2009), yielded only six potential ectotrophic host plant genera in ST&P, viz., Casuarina (Casuarinaceae), Lonchocarpus and Acacia (Fabaceae), Eucalyptus and Melaleuca (Myrtaceae), and Manilkara (Sapotaceae), which include only ten local species. Of these ten, six are introduced species, and only four may represent native species, viz., Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth, Acacia kamerunensis Gand., Acacia pentagona (Schumach.) Hook. and Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H. Hemsl. Whether these potential plant host species are ectotrophic has not been determined.
Mushrooms and allies require adequate moisture and appropriate nutritional substrates for survival. Many species, whether saprotrophic, pathogenic, or mycorrhizal, are host specific (at various levels of specificity). When their habitats change due to changes in water availability (rain, humidity), anthropogenic disturbance, or an alteration in plant community structure, the abundance and diversity of fungi changes as well. Conservation efforts focused on fungi are in their infancy globally. Of the 135,000 species of fungi described to date (Kirk 2019), as noted by Piepenbring et al. (2020), only 91 have been evaluated for the global Red List established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). None of the species reported from ST&P are included in the list.
Agaricomycetes of São Tomé and Príncipe
An accounting of the history and diversity of ST&P mushrooms in each order is presented below, organized in accordance with the phylogenetic tree of Agaricomycetes adapted from Varga et al. (2019) (Fig. 8.2).
Order Agaricales
Approximately half of the known Agaricomycetes from ST&P belong to the Agaricales, this accounting primarily the result of recent research published by Desjardin and Perry. To date, 133 species of Agaricales have been reported from ST&P, belonging to 46 genera in 24 families. This order is comprised mainly of gilled mushrooms, i.e., basidiomes with the hymenium (spore-producing tissue) located on radiating plate-like structures (gills = lamellae) suspended under a cap (pileus), and together typically elevated by a stem (stipe). A few families in the order contain species with clavarioid (club-shaped), coralloid (branched, coral-shaped), gasteroid (enclosed, puffball-like) or corticioid (crust-like, with smooth, resupinate hymenophores) basidiomes. These mushrooms are typically putrescent, lasting from only a few hours to a few days, then wither and disappear. They form only after abundant moisture is available, usually during the wet season, and encountering them is often serendipitous. To obtain quality specimens for study and determination, basidiomes must be collected fresh, their taxonomically important features documented, and then dried immediately for long-term preservation. This procedure presents many difficulties in understudied tropical habitats and most likely accounts for the limited number of early reports. Between 1851 and 1891, only 19 species of Agaricales were reported from ST&P, four of which were new species, and two of the latter remain incertae sedis (Fries 1851; Winter 1886; Roumeguère 1889; Saccardo and Berlese 1889; Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890; Bresadola 1891). Coutinho (1925) reported 17 gilled mushroom species from São Tomé, of which six were new species and two of these are currently of unknown taxonomic placement. Most of the known Agaricales from ST&P were reported by Desjardin, Perry and colleagues, viz., 101 species of which 32 were new to science. They provided comprehensive coverage of clavarioid and gasteroid species in the Clavariaceae, Lycoperdaceae and Nidulariaceae (Desjardin and Perry 2015b), dark-spored species in the Bolbitiaceae, Crepidotaceae, Hymenogastraceae, Psathyrellaceae and Strophariaceae (Desjardin and Perry 2016), gymnopoid species in the Agaricaceae, Catathelasmataceae, Hydropoid clade, Hygrophoraceae, Marasmiaceae, Mycenaceae, Omphalotaceae, Physalacriaceae and Tricholomataceae (Desjardin and Perry 2017, Desjardin et al. 2017), species of Pluteus of Pluteaceae (Desjardin and Perry 2018), mycenoid species in the Hydropoid clade and Mycenaceae (Cooper et al. 2018), marasmioid species in the Marasmiaceae (Grace et al. 2019), and hygrophoroid species in the Hygrophoraceae (Desjardin and Perry 2020). Additional specimens collected during the 2008 expedition await diagnosis.
Order Boletales
Most members of order Boletales are ectomycorrhizal and require specific plant hosts to support their mutualistic symbiosis. As noted in the section on ecology, few ectotrophic plant species occur on ST&P, and accordingly, ectomycorrhizal Agaricomycetes are rare. Most Boletales form putrescent basidiomes with a thick fleshy cap supporting a tubular hymenophore with the hymenium lining the inside of the vertically oriented tubes, and all elevated on a stipe—a body form known as a bolete. A few lineages form gasteroid basidiomes, while others form corticioid (crust-like, resupinate with smooth or wrinkled hymenophore) basidiomes. Only a single species of Boletales has been reported from Príncipe, the gasteroid Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat. (Sclerodermataceae) (Desjardin and Perry 2015b). We are aware of several boletes that occur on São Tomé, although official reports have not yet been published. Desjardin and Perry (unpubl.) have collected a single specimen of a Tylopilus sp. (deposited in SFSU) and have seen photographs of a probable Phlebopus sp. (no specimens retained). Whether these taxa are ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic is currently unknown.
Order Stereopsidales
Members of order Stereopsidales form corticioid or thelephoroid (tough, with a smooth or wrinkled hymenophore) basidiomes. Only a single species from the order, the thelephoroid Stereopsis radicans (Berk.) D.A. Reid (Stereopsidaceae) has been reported, apparently collected twice on São Tomé, once on wood by F. Quintas in 1885 (Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890), and once on soil in 1920 (Coutinho 1925).
Order Polyporales
The first fungi collected and repeatedly reported from West African countries were mostly polypores, belonging mainly to the Polyporales and Hymenochaetales (Piepenbring et al. 2020). This is because of their persistent basidiomes, which may be encountered throughout the year when fleshy species are not apparent, and due to the ease of collecting, drying and transporting specimens. Basidiomes are typically tough and woody, with a tubular hymenophore, lack a stem, and grow on woody substrates as saprotrophs or pathogens. Seventy-one species of order Polyporales have been documented from ST&P; 55 of these were reported prior to 1925, of which six represented new species, viz., Daedalea newtonii Bres. & Roum. (Fomitopsidaceae), Tyromyces squamulosus (Bres.) Ryvarden (Incrustoporiaceae), and Favolus jacobeus Sacc. & Berl., Polyporus torquescens Sacc. & Berl. and Trametes discolor Sacc. & Berl. (Polyporaceae) (Saccardo and Berlese 1889; Bresadola 1890; Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890). Stereum pulchellum Sacc. & Berl. was described as new from Príncipe, but is currently accepted as a synonym of Podoscypha involuta (Klotsch ex Fr.) Imazeki (Podoscyphaceae). Apparently, the specimen vouchers of these 55 species were destroyed in the 1943 fire at the Berlin Herbarium. Coutinho (1925) added another 16 species to the list, including two new species, Fomes ferrugineobrunneus Cout. and Lentinus thomensis Cout. (Polyporaceae). Since then, only a single species of Polyporales has been reported from São Tomé, the new species Truncospora oboensis Decock (Polyporaceae, Fig. 8.1–4) (Decock 2011). Although many species of polypores were observed on ST&P during the expeditions by Desjardin and Perry (in 2006 and 2008), this fungal group was not the focus of their research and no specimens were collected. Future research should focus on documenting order Polyporales from ST&P, to verify early reports with vouchered material and to clarify polypore diversity for the region.
Order Thelephorales
Members of this order form tough, stipitate basidiomes with a smooth hymenophore (thelephoroid) and stipitate or sessile basidiomes with a toothed hymenophore (hydnoid). Only a single species has been reported from São Tomé, the new sessile hydnoid taxon Phaeodon thomensis Cout. (Bankeraceae) (Coutinho 1925). The species is known from a single collection made in 1920 and has not been reported since from West Africa.
Order Russulales
Species of order Russulales are quite common and abundant in Africa. They develop basidiomes with a great variety of body forms, from gilled and poroid to hydnoid, corticioid, clavarioid and coralloid. Many are ectomycorrhizal, while others are saprotrophs or plant pathogens. Unfortunately, the speciose ectomycorrhizal genera Russula and Lactarius, so common in the miombo woodlands of Western Africa, are lacking in ST&P because of the near absence of ectotrophic host plants. Only 14 species of Russulales have been documented from ST&P, all but one species reported before 1925 (Winter 1886; Saccardo and Berlese 1889; Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890). Most of these represent saprotrophic or pathogenic taxa with corticioid or stereoid (sessile, with a cap and smooth hymenophore) basidiomes in the Hericiaceae, Peniophoraceae and Stereaceae, although two Lentinellus species are gilled fungi in Auriscalpiaceae. Only two species were described as new from São Tomé, the corticioid Scytinostroma quintasianum (Bres. & Roum.) Nakasone (Peniophoraceae), named after the early Portuguese collector F. Quintas (Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890), and the stereoid Stereum amphirhytes Sacc. & Berl. (Stereaceae) (Saccardo and Berlese 1889).
Order Hymenochaetales
Similar to the Polyporales, the ST&P representatives of order Hymenochaetales form primarily persistent basidiomes with tubular hymenophore and saprotrophic or pathogenic ecology (Hymenochataceae), but the order also contains an unusual lineage with small, fleshy basidiomes with gilled or smooth hymenophore (Rickenellaceae) that are associated with mosses. Twelve species have been documented from São Tomé, ten of which were reported prior to 1925 (Winter 1886; Roumeguère 1889; Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890), whose material has been lost, although four of these species were recollected and reported again by Coutinho (1925). Two lignicolous species were described as new, Polystictus albocinereus Cout. (Coutinho 1925) and Coltricia oboensis Decock (Hymenochaetaceae) (Decock 2013). This is another group that needs attention from contemporary researchers.
Order Phallales
The Phallales constitute the “stinkhorns,” a lineage of bizarrely-shaped mushrooms with a dispersal strategy symbiotic with insects. All basidiomes are initially globose or egg-shaped with the hymenophore enclosed (gasteroid), and as they mature, the outer peridium layer ruptures, and the inner sporulating structure erupts into a plethora of shapes, allowing for common names like octopus stinkhorn, basket stinkhorn, Devil’s horn, etc. The spores are produced in a gelatinous, putrid-scented mass on the elevated structure. The often carrion-like odor attracts insects, primarily flies, who lay their eggs in the stinkhorn to provide a food source for their larvae, and the adults also consume the spores which pass through their digestive system and when defecated, aid in stinkhorn dispersal. Six species belonging to the Phallaceae have been documented from ST&P. The first reported was a new species, Clathrus parvulus Bres. & Roum., a very small (<20 mm diam), reddish basket stinkhorn that has not been reported since first discovery (Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890). The remaining five species are recent reports (Degreef et al. 2013; Desjardin and Perry 2015b), including a new species, Phallus drewesii (Fig. 8.1–5).
Order Gomphales
Three families comprise the order Gomphales, but only members of the Gomphaceae have been reported from ST&P. The family contains species with funnel-shaped basidiomes with wrinkled to venous or gilled hymenophore (cantharelloid) and coralloid basidiomes. Only a single genus of coralloid species has been reported from São Tomé, representing three species of Ramaria. Two represent new species described in 1890 that have not been recollected, viz., Ramaria henriquesii (Bres. & Roum.) Corner (ut Clavaria), and Ramaria mollerianum (Bres. & Roum.) Corner (ut Lachnocladium) (Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890), both named after the early Portuguese botanists who conducted fieldwork on São Tomé. The genus Ramaria is ectomycorrhizal in other parts of the world, but the nutritional status of the São Tomé species is unknown.
Order Geastrales
The order Geastrales, with the single family Geastraceae, are commonly known as the “Earthstars.” The basidiomes, initially fully enclosed (gasteroid), rupture, and the outer layers split and fold back into ray-shaped arms (star-like), exposing the interior puffball, which opens by a central apical pore to passively release the internal spores. Three species of Geastrum were recently reported from ST&P (Desjardin and Perry 2015b), the most unusual being Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zeller (Fig. 8.1–6), which forms very small earthstar basidiomes that arise from a thick membranous sheet of mycelium (subiculum) that covers the substrate.
Order Trechisporales
Members of this order form corticioid basidiomes (type genus Trechispora) or coralloid basidiomes (Scytinopogon). Only a single species from the group has been recently reported, the new species Scytinopogon havencampii Desjardin & B.A. Perry (Fig. 8.1–7), described from material collected on Príncipe (Desjardin and Perry 2015a). Although it grows from the soil, we suspect that it is a saprotroph. The genus Scytinopogon with coralloid basidiomes was recently accepted as a synonym of Trechispora, a genus composed primarily of corticioid species, based on multi-gene analyses (Meiras-Ottoni et al. 2021).
Order Auriculariales
The “jelly fungi” is a heterogeneous assemblage of fungi representing numerous lineages, wherein the basidiomes are rubbery-gelatinous and hydrophilic/hygroscopic. Order Auriculariales comprises a number of families, several of which contain species that form such basidiomes. Members of the Auriculariaceae often form lignicolous, ear-shaped basidiomes that are commonly known as “wood ear” mushrooms, which are edible and both wild-harvested and artificially cultivated. Three species of Auricularia were documented early from São Tomé (Winter 1886; Bresadola and Roumeguère 1890; Bresadola 1891) and reported again by Coutinho (1925) from additional specimens. We have no information on whether local cultures consume these commonly encountered mushrooms.
Order Cantharellales
Basidiome morphology is quite variable in order Cantharellales, and includes clavarioid, coralloid, cantharelloid (funnel-shaped with decurrent gills or veins), and hydnoid body forms. Three species, one from each of three families (Aphelariaceae, Cantharellaceae, Hydnaceae), have been reported from ST&P. The earliest report was for Craterellus crispus (Bull.) Berk. (Bresadola 1891), accepted now as a synonym of Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.) Rauschert. This species is considered ectomycorrhizal, and given the paucity of ectotrophic plant species on São Tomé, we question the original identification by Bresadola (1891). The two additional reports of Cantharellales are from recently collected specimens, viz., Aphelaria subglobispora P. Roberts (Fig. 8.1–8) and Clavulina vanderystii (Bres.) Corner (Desjardin and Perry 2015b).
Summary and Future Research
Although the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands of São Tomé (13+ my) and Príncipe (31+ my) are volcanic in origin and have never been part of or connected by a land bridge to continental Africa (Lee et al. 1994), they are rich in Agaricomycetes diversity. The fungal species or their ancestors reached the islands by wind, avian or human-mediated dispersal, or on flotsam. Only a handful of expeditions have been conducted since 1851, which produced specimens of Agaricomycetes that allowed documentation of mushroom diversity from the islands. To date, 260 species, belonging in 109 genera, 51 families and 13 orders have been reported from ST&P, providing only a snapshot of the estimated actual diversity of this important fungal group. Twenty-three percent of these may represent endemic species. Reported taxa represent myriad body forms, from agarics and boletes, to polypores, club and coral fungi, thelephoroid, stereoid, corticioid, hydnoid and cantherelloid fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, earthstars, and jelly fungi. Nearly half (113 spp.) of the recorded 260 species are known only from published reports, as their vouchered specimens were destroyed during World War II, and hence the accuracy of their determinations is questionable. The majority of reported species are saprotrophic, functioning as important litter and wood decomposers, while a number are plant pathogens and a rare few are putatively ectotrophic. The islands provide a wide variety of native and human-disturbed habitats that undoubtedly house hidden Agaricomycetes diversity. Future research should focus on recollecting the lineages containing unvouchered species reports (polypores, thelephoroid, stereoid, corticioid fungi), on identifying available specimens belonging to difficult taxonomic groups (e.g., lepiotoid, entolomatoid, hemimycenoid taxa), and on further intensive fieldwork conducted monthly in undisturbed native forests. Our knowledge of the mushrooms and allies from ST&P is in its infancy, and additional field and lab work will surely yield surprises, new distribution records and new taxa.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Robert C. Drewes (California Academy of Sciences) who continues to initiate, coordinate and lead multi-organism biotic surveys on São Tomé and Príncipe; Eng. Arlindo de Ceita Carvalho, Director General of the Ministry of Environment, Victor Bonfim, Salvador Sousa Pontes and Danilo Barbero for permission to collect and export specimens for study. We are indebted to Société de Conservation et Développement for logistics and housing support, especially the wonderful staff of Omali Lodge and Bom Bom Island. We are grateful for the support and cooperation of Bastien Loloumb of Zuntabawe and Faustino Oliveira, former Director of the botanical garden at Bom Sucesso. We were assisted in the field by José Ramos Maria Vital Pires on Príncipe and by Quintino Quade Cabral, Martinho Nascimento and José Clara on São Tomé. For continuing support, we are most grateful to Ned Seligman, Quintino Quade Cabral and Roberta dos Santos of STePUP. We are grateful to the College of Science and Engineering at San Francisco State University for partial funding to support travel to São Tomé and Príncipe, and to the G. Lindsay Field Research Fund of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) for financially supporting the expedition in 2006 and the Hagey Research Venture Fund (CAS) in 2008. We thank Cony Decock and Wes Eckerman for the use of their photos of Truncospora oboensis and Scytinopogon havencampii, respectively. Lastly, we are especially grateful to Roderick C.M. Hall, Coleman P. Burke and William K. Bowes Jr. whose generous philanthropy has supported our research on São Tomé and Príncipe.
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Appendix
Appendix
List of Agaricomycetes reported from Príncipe (P) and São Tomé (ST). Author abbreviations and nomenclature are according to Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org). Phylogenetic placement and synonymy are based on current literature, or as reported in Species Fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org) and Mycobank (www.mycobank.org). E—putative endemic
Currently accepted name | Name reported in literature | Citation | P | ST |
---|---|---|---|---|
ORDER AGARICALES | ||||
Agaricaceae | ||||
Agaricus subflabellatus Cout. | Agaricus subflabellatus Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeff. | Psalliota sylvatica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Phellorinia herculeana (Pers.) Kreisel | Phellorinia delestrei (Durieu & Mont.) E. Fisch. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Ripartitella brasiliensis (Speg.) Singer | Ripartitella brasiliensis (Speg.) Singer | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Tulostoma mollerianum Bres. & Roum. | Tylostoma mollerianum Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | E | |
Bolbitiaceae | ||||
Conocybe zeylanica (Petch) Boedijn | Conocybe zeylanica (Petch) Boedijn | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Catathelasmataceae | ||||
Callistosporium cystidiatum (T.J. Baroni, Lodge & D.L. Lindner) Vizzini, Consiglio & M. Marchetti | Pleurocollybia cystidiata T.J. Baroni, Lodge & D.L. Lindner | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Callistosporium elegans Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Callistosporium elegans Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Callistosporium praemultifolium (Murrill) Vizzini, Consiglio & M. Marchetti | Pleurocollybia praemultifolia (Murrill) Singer | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Clavariaceae | ||||
Clavaria phoenicea Zoll. & Moritzi | Clavaria phoenicea Zoll. & Moritzi | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. & Moritzi) Corner | Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. & Moritzi) Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Crepidotaceae | ||||
Crepidotus hemiphlebius (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill | Agaricus hemiphlebius Berk. & M.A. Curtis | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Crepidotus kangoliformis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Crepidotus kangoliformis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | E | |
Crepidotus nephrodes (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. | Crepidotus nephrodes (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Simocybe centunculus (Fr.) P. Karst. | Simocybe centunculus (Fr.) P. Karst. | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Cyphellaceae | ||||
Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar | Stereum purpureum Pers. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Entolomataceae | ||||
Entoloma mammosum (L.) Hesler | Hyporrhodius mammosus (L.) J. Schröt. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Entoloma papillatum (Bres.) Dennis | Nolanea papillata Bres. | Bresadola (1891) | X | |
Hydropoid Clade | ||||
Clitocybula intervenosa A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Clitocybula intervenosa A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Hydropus globosporus A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Hydropus globosporus A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Hydropus murinus A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Hydropus murinus A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Trogia anthidepas (Berk. & Broome) Corner | Trogia anthidepas (Berk. & Broome) Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Trogia aff. brevipes Corner | Trogia aff. brevipes Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Trogia buccinalis (Mont.) Pat. | Cantharellus buccinalis Mont. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Trogia delicata Corner | Trogia delicata Corner | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Trogia aff. furcata Corner | Trogia aff. furcata Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Trogia infundibuliformis Berk. & Broome | Trogia infundibuliformis Berk. & Broome | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Hygrophoraceae | ||||
Arrhenia cystidiata Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Arrhenia cystidiata Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Cuphophyllus laranja Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cuphophyllus laranja Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2020) | E | |
Cuphophyllus pratensis (Fr.) Bon | Cuphophyllus pratensis (Fr.) Bon | Desjardin and Perry (2020) | X | |
Hygrocybe macambrarensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Hygrocybe macambrarensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2020) | E | |
Hygrocybe aff. miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. | Hygrocybe aff. miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. | Desjardin and Perry (2020) | X | |
Hygrocybe sp. | Hygrocybe sp. | Desjardin and Perry (2020) | X | |
Hymenogastraceae | ||||
Galerina makereriensis Pegler | Galerina makereriensis Pegler | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Galerina physospora Singer | Galerina physospora Singer | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Gymnopilus aculeatus (Bres. & Roum.) Singer | Pholiota aculeata Bres. & Roum. | E | ||
Gymnopilus aureobrunneus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill | Naucoria aureobrunnea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Gymnopilus aureobrunneus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | ||
Gymnopilus delipis (Berk. & Broome) Singer | Naucoria delipis (Berk. & Broome) Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høiland | Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høiland | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | X |
Naucoria brevipes Cout. | Naucoria brevipes Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Naucoria chrysotricha (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Cout. | Naucoria chrysotricha (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Naucoria fusco-olivacea Bres. & Roum. | Naucoria fusco-olivacea Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | E | |
Naucoria papularis (Fr.) Sacc. | Naucoria papularis (Fr.) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Inocybaceae | ||||
Inocybe hystrix (Fr.) P. Karst. | Inocybe hystrix (Fr.) P. Karst. | E | ||
Inocybe reticulata Cout. | Inocybe reticulata Cout. | E | ||
Lycoperdaceae | ||||
Lycoperdon molle Pers. | Lycoperdon molle Pers. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Marasmiaceae | ||||
Campanella buettneri Henn. | Campanella buettneri Henn. | Desjardin et al. (2017) | X | |
Campanella burkei Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Campanella burkei Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Lactocollybia variicystis D.A. Reid & Eicker | Lactocollybia variicystis D.A. Reid & Eicker | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Marasmius albisubiculosus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius albisubiculosus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius aff. apatelius Singer | Marasmius aff. apatelius Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius collinus (Scop.) P. Kumm. | Collybia collina (Scop.) P. Kumm. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Marasmius colorimarginatus Antonín | Marasmius colorimarginatus Antonín | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius corrugatiformis Singer | Marasmius corrugatiformis Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius diversus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius diversus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius elaeocephaliformis C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius elaeocephaliformis C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius elaeocephalus Singer | Marasmius elaeocephalus Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius grandisetulosus Singer | Marasmius grandisetulosus Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius aff. guyanensis Mont. | Marasmius aff. guyanensis Mont. | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius haediniformis Singer | Marasmius haediniformis Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius laranja C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius laranja C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius leptocephalus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius leptocephalus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius aff. megistus Singer | Marasmius aff. megistus Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius nodulocystis Pegler | Marasmius nodulocystis Pegler | Grace et al. (2019) | X | X |
Marasmius palmivorus Sharples | Marasmius palmivorus Sharples | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Marasmius paratrichotus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius paratrichotus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius rotalis Berk. & Broome | Marasmius rotalis Berk. & Broome | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius segregatus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Marasmius segregatus C.L. Grace, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Grace et al. (2019) | E | |
Marasmius subarborescens Singer | Marasmius subarborescens Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius subruforotula Singer | Marasmius subruforotula Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius suthepensis Wannathes, Desjardin & Lumyong | Marasmius suthepensis Wannathes, Desjardin & Lumyong | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Marasmius tenuisetulosus (Singer) Singer | Marasmius tenuisetulosus (Singer) Singer | Grace et al. (2019) | X | |
Mycenaceae | ||||
Favolaschia auriscalpium (Mont.) Henn. | Laschia auriscalpium Mont. | X | ||
Filoboletus pallescens (Boedijn) Maas Geest. | Filoboletus pallescens (Boedijn) Maas Geest. | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Heimiomyces tenuipes (Schwein.) Singer | Heimiomyces tenuipes (Schwein.) Singer | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Mycena alphitophora (Berk.) Sacc. | Mycena alphitophora (Berk.) Sacc. | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena antennae A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena antennae A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena breviseta Höhnel | Mycena breviseta Höhnel | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena brunneoviolacea A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena brunneoviolacea A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena aff. discobasis Métrod | Mycena aff. discobasis Métrod | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena discogena Singer | Mycena discogena Singer | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. | Mycena galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena aff. holoporphyra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer | Mycena aff. holoporphyra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena lamprospora (Corner) E. Horak | Mycena lamprospora (Corner) E. Horak | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | |
Mycena lasiopus Maas Geest. & de Meijer | Mycena lasiopus Maas Geest. & de Meijer | Cooper et al. (2018) | X | X |
Mycena longinqua A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena longinqua A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena oboensis A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena oboensis A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena phaeonox A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena phaeonox A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena rosea Gramberg | Agaricus roseus Schaeff. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Mycena solis A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycena solis A.C. Cooper, Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Cooper et al. (2018) | E | |
Mycena tintinnabulum (Paulet) Quél. | Mycena tintinnabulum (Paulet) Quél. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Nidulariaceae | ||||
Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul. | Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Cyathus poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul. | Cyathus poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Omphalotaceae | ||||
Gymnopus billbowesii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus billbowesii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus aff. brunneigracilis (Corner) A.W. Wilson & Desjardin | Gymnopus aff. brunneigracilis (Corner) A.W. Wilson & Desjardin | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus cervinus (Henn.) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus cervinus (Henn.) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | X |
Gymnopus gibbosus (Corner) A.W. Wilson, Desjardin & E. Horak | Gymnopus gibbosus (Corner) A.W. Wilson, Desjardin & E. Horak | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus hirtelloides Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus hirtelloides Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Gymnopus hirtellus (Berk. & Broome) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus hirtellus (Berk. & Broome) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus irresolutus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus irresolutus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Gymnopus melanopus A.W. Wilson, Desjardin & E. Horak | Gymnopus melanopus A.W. Wilson, Desjardin & E. Horak | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus mustachius Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus mustachius Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Gymnopus ocellus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus ocellus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Gymnopus ocior (Pers.) Antonín & Noordel. | Agaricus xanthopus Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Gymnopus pleurocystidiatus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus pleurocystidiatus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | |
Gymnopus aff. polygrammus (Mont.) J.L. Mata | Gymnopus aff. polygrammus (Mont.) J.L. Mata | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Gymnopus quercophilus (Pouzar) Antonín & Noordel. | Marasmius splachnoides (Hornem.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Gymnopus rodhallii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus rodhallii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | E | E |
Gymnopus ugandensis (Pegler) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Gymnopus ugandensis (Pegler) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer | Marasmius amadelphus (Bull.) Fr. | X | ||
Mycetinis ignobilis (Berk. & Broome) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Mycetinis ignobilis (Berk. & Broome) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Setulipes afibulatus Antonín | Setulipes afibulatus Antonín | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
Physalacriaceae | ||||
Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns | Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | X |
Pleurotaceae | ||||
Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer | Lentinus tuber-regium (Fr.) Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Lentinus descendens Afzel ex Fr. | X | |||
Pluteaceae | ||||
Pluteus albidus Beeli | Pluteus albidus Beeli | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | X | |
Pluteus albostipitatus (Dennis) Singer | Pluteus albostipitatus (Dennis) Singer | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | X | |
Pluteus chrysaegis (Berk. & Broome) Petch | Pluteus chrysaegis (Berk. & Broome) Petch | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | X | |
Pluteus hirtellus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Pluteus hirtellus Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | E | |
Pluteus losulus Justo | Pluteus losulus Justo | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | X | |
Pluteus thomensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Pluteus thomensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2018) | E | |
Psathyrellaceae | ||||
Candolleomyces albipes (Murrill) Wächter & A. Melzer | Psathyrella albipes (Murrill) A.H. Sm. | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Candolleomyces cacao (Desjardin & B.A. Perry) Wächter & A. Melzer | Psathyrella cacao Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | E | |
Coprinellus aureogranulatus (Uljé & Aptroot) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo | Coprinellus aureogranulatus (Uljé & Aptroot) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange | Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Coprinarius disseminatus (Pers.) P. Kumm. | Coutinho (1925) | X | ||
Psathyrella disseminata (Pers.) Quél. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Coprinopsis afronivea Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Coprinopsis afronivea Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | E | |
Coprinopsis cinerea (Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo | Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff.) Gray | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | X | |
Psathyrella oboensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Psathyrella oboensis Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | E | |
Pterulaceae | ||||
Pterulicium xylogenum (Berk. & Broome) Corner | Pterula subaquatica Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Schizophyllaceae | ||||
Schizophyllum commune Fr. | Schizophyllum commune Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Schizophyllum commune var. multifidum (Batsch) Cooke | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Schizophyllum alneum (L.) J. Schröt. | Coutinho (1925) | X | ||
Strophariaceae | ||||
Deconica overeemii (E. Horak & Desjardin) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Deconica overeemii (E. Horak & Desjardin) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Deconica protea (Kalchbr.) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Deconica protea (Kalchbr.) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Hypholoma aff. subviride (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Dennis | Hypholoma aff. subviride (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Dennis | Desjardin and Perry (2016) | X | |
Tricholomataceae s.l. | ||||
Tricholomopsis aurea (Beeli) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Tricholomopsis aurea (Beeli) Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2017) | X | |
ORDER BOLETALES | ||||
Sclerodermataceae | ||||
Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat. | Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
ORDER STEREOPSIDALES | ||||
Stereopsidaceae | ||||
Stereopsis radicans (Berk.) D.A. Reid | Thelephora radicans Berk. | X | ||
ORDER POLYPORALES | ||||
Cerrenaceae | ||||
Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr. | Trametes hydnoides (Sw.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Fomitopsidaceae | ||||
Antrodia albida (Fr.) Donk | Trametes sepium Berk. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Daedalea newtonii Bres. & Roum. | Daedalea newtonii Bres. & Roum. | E | E | |
Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. | Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Ranadivia modesta (Kunze ex Fr.) Zmitr. | Polyporus atypus Lév. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Incrustoporiaceae | ||||
Tyromyces albogilvus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill | Polyporus albogilvus Berk. & M.A. Curtis | X | ||
Tyromyces squamulosus (Bres.) Ryvarden | Polyporus squamosus Bres. | Bresadola (1890) | E | |
Irpicaceae | ||||
Flavodon flavus (Klotzsch) Ryvarden | Irpex flavus Klotzsch | X | ||
Meripilaceae | ||||
Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden | Polyporus zonalis Berk. | X | ||
Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem | Polyporus auberianus Mont. | Winter (1886), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890), Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Meruliaceae | ||||
Steccherinum rawakense (Pers.) Banker | Hydnum rawakense Pers. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | X | |
Phanerochaetaceae | ||||
Bjerkandera adusta (Pers.) P. Karst. | Polyporus adusta (Willd.) Fr. | Bresadola (1890) | X | |
Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst. | Polyporus imberbis (Bull.) Fr. | Bresadola (1890) | X | |
Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden | Stereum spadiceum var. venosum Quél. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Terana caerulea (Schrad. ex Lam.) Kuntze | Corticium caeruleum (Schrad. ex Lam.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Podoscyphaceae | ||||
Podoscypha involuta (Klotzsch ex Fr.) Imazeki | Stereum involutum Klotzsch ex Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Stereum pulchellum Sacc. & Berl. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | X | ||
Polyporaceae | ||||
Asterotus dealbatus (Berk.) Singer | Lentinus sprucei (Berk.) Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Panus sprucei Berk. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Coriolopsis badia (Berk.) Murrill | Trametes badia Berk. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Coriolopsis occidentalis (Klotzsch) Murrill | Polystictus occidentalis (Klotzsch) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Coriolus sprucei (Berk.) G. Cunn. | Trametes sprucei Berk. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden | Trametes sanguinea (Klotzsch) Pat. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Daedalea sanguinea Klotzsch | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Favolus grammocephalus (Berk.) Imazeki | Favolus multiplex Lév. | X | ||
Polyporus grammocephalus Berk. | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Favolus jacobeus Sacc. & Berl. | Favolus jacobeus Sacc. & Berl. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | E | E |
Favolus platyporus Berk. & M.A. Curtis | Favolus platyporus Berk. & M.A. Curtis | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv. | Favolus tesselatus Mont. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hexagonia tenuicola (P. Beauv.) | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Favolus brasiliensis (Fr.) Fr. | Bresadola (1891) | X | ||
Fomes amboinensis (Lam.) Cooke | Fomes amboinensis (Lam.) Cooke | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Fomes ferrugineobrunneus Cout. | Fomes ferrugineobrunneus Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Fomes fulvellus (Bres.) Sacc. | Ganoderma fulvellum Bres. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. & Malysheva | Polyporus caperatus Berk. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Ganoderma amboinense (Lam.) Pat. | Ganoderma amboinense (Lam.) Pat. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. | Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. | Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Polyporus australis Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. | Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Fomes lucidus (Curtis) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | ||
Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Ganoderma multiplicatum (Mont.) Pat. | Ganoderma multiplicatum (Mont.) Pat. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Fomes multiplicatus (Mont.) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | ||
Ganoderma ochrolaccatum (Mont.) Pat. | Ganoderma ochrolaccatum (Mont.) Pat. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Fomes ochrolaccatus (Mont.) Pat. | Coutinho (1925) | X | ||
Ganoderma oerstedii (Fr.) Torrend | Fomes oerstedii (Fr.) Cooke | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hexagonia cucullata (Mont.) Murrill | Favolus cucullatus Mont. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Hexagonia purpurascens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill | Favolus purpurascens Berk. & M.A. Curtis | Winter (1886) | X | |
Leiotrametes menziesii (Berk.) Welti & Courtec. | Polystictus kurzianus Cooke | X | ||
Lentinus striatulus Lév. | Lentinus flaccidus Fr. | Fries (1851) | X | |
Lentinus thomensis Cout. | Lentinus thomensis Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Lentinus villosus Klotzsch | Lentinus villosus Klotzsch | X | X | |
Lenzites applanatus (Klotzsch) Fr. | Lenzites applanatus (Klotzsch) Fr. | X | ||
Lenzites asperus (Klotzsch) Fr. | Lenzites asperus (Klotzsch) Fr. | Winter (1886), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890), Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Lenzites deplanatus Fr. | Lenzites deplanatus Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Lenzites repandus Fr. | Lenzites repandus Fr. | X | ||
Lopharia cinerascens (Schwein.) G. Cunn. | Lopharia lirellosa Kalchbr. & MacOwen | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Microporus affinis (Blume & T. Nees) Kuntze | Polystictus affinis (Blume & T. Nees) Fr. | Roumeguère (1889) | X | |
Polyporus flabelliformis Klotzsch | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Polystictus flabelliformis Fr. | X | |||
Polystictus carneoniger (Berk. ex Cooke) Cooke | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze | Polystictus xanthopus (Fr.) Fr. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Panus neostrigosus Drechsler-Santos & Wartchow | Lentinus strigosus Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Perenniporia ohiensis (Berk.) Ryvarden | Trametes ohiensis Berk. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Polyporus amboinensis Fr. | Polyporus amboinensis Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Polyporus dictyopus Mont. | Polyporus dictyopus Mont. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Polyporus philippinensis Berk. | Favolus philippinensis (Berk.) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Polyporus rugulosus Lév. | Polyporus rugulosus Lév. | X | ||
Polyporus torquescens Sacc. & Berl. | Polyporus torquescens Sacc. & Berl. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | E | |
Polyporus venezuelae Berk. & M.A. Curtis ex Cooke | Polyporus venezuelae Berk. & M.A. Curtis ex Cooke | Winter (1886) | X | |
Pseudofavolus polygrammus (Mont.) G. Cunn. | Hexagonia polygramma (Mont.) Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill | Polystictus sanguineus (L.) G. Mey. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Szczepkamyces campestris (Quél.) Zmitr. | Trametes campestris Quél. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Trametes cubensis (Mont.) Sacc. | Trametes cubensis (Mont.) Sacc. | X | ||
Trametes discolor Sacc. & Berl. | Trametes discolor Sacc. & Berl. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | E | |
Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. | Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd | Polystictus hirsutus (Wulfen) Fr. | X | ||
Trametes meyenii (Klotzsch) Lloyd | Daedalea ochracea Kalchbr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Trametes pubescens (Schumach.) Pilát | Polystictus velutinus (Pers.) Sacc. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890), Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Trametes strumosa (Fr.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov | Polyporus strumosus Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd | Polysticus versicolor (L.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Trametes villosa (Sw.) Kreisel | Polystictus pinsitus (Fr.) Fr. | Fries (1851) | X | |
Truncospora oboensis Decock | Truncospora oboensis Decock | Decock (2011) | E | |
Xenasmataceae | ||||
Xenasmatella vaga (Fr.) Stalpers | Phlebia vaga Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
ORDER THELEPHORALES | ||||
Bankeraceae | ||||
Phaeodon thomensis Cout. | Phaeodon thomensis Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
ORDER RUSSULALES | ||||
Auriscalpiaceae | ||||
Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst | Lentinus cochleatus var. occidentalis (Pers.) Fr. | Fries (1851) | X | |
Lentinellus flabelliformis (Bolton) S. Ito | Lentinus flabelliformis (Bolton) Fr. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hericiaceae | ||||
Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz | Stereum bicolor (Pers.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Peniophoraceae | ||||
Scytinostroma duriusculum (Berk. & Broome) Donk | Stereum duriusculum Berk. & Broome | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Scytinostroma quintasianum (Bres. & Roum.) Nakasone | Corticium quintasianum Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | E | |
Stereaceae | ||||
Stereum amphirhytes Sacc. & Berl. | Stereum amphirhytes Sacc. & Berl. | E | ||
Stereum bellum (Kunze) Sacc. | Stereum bellum (Kunze) Sacc. | X | ||
Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. | Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Stereum kalchbrenneri Sacc. | Stereum kalchbrenneri Sacc. | Saccardo and Berlese (1889), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Stereum lobatum (Kunze ex Fr.) Fr. | Stereum lobatum (Kunze ex Fr.) Fr. | Winter (1886), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890), Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Stereum obliquum Mont. & Berk. | Stereum obliquum Mont. & Berk. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Stereum ostrea (Blume & T. Nees) Fr. | Stereum fasciatum (Schwein.) Fr. | Winter (1886), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890), Coutinho (1925) | X | X |
Stereum versicolor (Sw.) Fr. | Stereum versicolor (Sw.) Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Xylobolus subpileatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Boidin | Stereum subpileatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis | X | ||
ORDER HYMENOCHAETALES | ||||
Hymenochaetaceae | ||||
Coltricia oboensis Decock | Coltricia oboensis Decock | Decock (2013) | E | |
Fuscoporia ferruginosa (Schrad.) Murrill | Poria ferruginosa (Schrad.) P. Karst. | X | ||
Fuscoporia senex (Nees & Mont.) Gohb.-Nejh. | Fomes senex (Nees & Mont.) Cooke | X | ||
Hydnoporia tabacina (Sowerby) Spirin, Miettinen & K.H. Larss. | Hymenochaete tabacina (Sowerby) Lév. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) Lév. | Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) Lév. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Hymenochaete tenuissima Berk. | Hymenochaete tenuissima Berk. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Inonotus sideroides (Lév.) Ryvarden | Polystictus sideroides (Lév.) Cooke | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. | Polyporus gilvus (Schwein.) Fr. | Roumeguère (1889), Saccardo and Berlese (1889), Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Polyporus gilvus var. scruposus (Fr.) Henn. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Polyporus scruposus Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Polyporus scruposus var. isidioides (Berk.) Cooke | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Polyporus licnoides Mont. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. | Polyporus igniarius (L.) Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. | X | |||
Phylloporia pectinata (Klotzsch) Ryvarden | Fomes pectinatus (Klotzsch) Gillet | X | ||
Polystictus albidocinereus Cout. | Polystictus albidocinereus Cout. | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Polystictus russogramme (Berk.) Cooke | Polyporus russogramme Berk. | Winter (1886) | X | |
Rickenellaceae | ||||
Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pat.) A.L. Welden | Thelephora aurantiaca Pers. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Thelephora affinis Berk. & M.A. Curtis | Winter (1886) | X | ||
ORDER PHALLALES | ||||
Phallaceae | ||||
Blumenavia angolensis (Welw. & Curr.) Dring | Blumenavia angolensis (Welw. & Curr.) Dring | X | ||
Clathrus parvulus Bres. & Roum. | Clathrus parvulus Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | E | |
Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch. | Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Mutinus zenkeri (Henn.) E. Fisch. | Mutinus zenkeri (Henn.) E. Fisch. | X | X | |
Phallus drewesii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Phallus drewesii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2009) | E | |
Phallus indusiatus Vent. | Phallus indusiatus Vent. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
ORDER GOMPHALES | ||||
Gomphaceae | ||||
Ramaria henriquesii (Bres. & Roum.) Corner | Clavaria henriquesii Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Ramaria molleariana (Bres. & Roum.) Corner | Lachnocladium mollerianum Bres. & Roum. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | |
Ramaria polypus Corner | Ramaria polypus Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
ORDER GEASTRALES | ||||
Geastraceae | ||||
Geastrum fimbriatum Fr. | Geastrum fimbriatum Fr. | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zeller | Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zeller | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | X |
Geastrum velutinum Morgan | Geastrum velutinum Morgan | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
ORDER TRECHISPORALES | ||||
Hydnodontaceae | ||||
Trechispora havencampii (Desjardin & B.A. Perry) Meiras-Ottoni & Gibertoni | Scytinopogon havencampii Desjardin & B.A. Perry | Desjardin and Perry (2015a) | E | |
ORDER AURICULARIALES | ||||
Auriculariaceae | ||||
Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél. | Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hirneola auricula-judae (Bull.) Berk. | Bresadola (1891) | X | ||
Laschia tremellosa Fr. | Winter (1886) | X | ||
Auricularia fuscosuccinea (Mont.) Henn. | Auricularia fuscosuccinea (Mont.) Henn. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hirneola fuscosuccinea (Mont.) Sacc. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak, Looney & Sánchez-García | Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. | Coutinho (1925) | X | |
Hirneola polytricha (Mont.) Fr. | Bresadola and Roumeguère (1890) | X | ||
ORDER CANTHARELLALES | ||||
Aphelariaceae | ||||
Aphelaria subglobispora P. Roberts | Aphelaria subglobispora P. Roberts | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
Cantharellaceae | ||||
Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.) Rauschert | Craterellus crispus (Bull.) Berk. | Bresadola (1891) | X | |
Hydnaceae | ||||
Clavulina vanderystii (Bres.) Corner | Clavulina vanderystii (Bres.) Corner | Desjardin and Perry (2015b) | X | |
INCERTAE SEDIS—insufficient data, problematic nomenclature | ||||
Agaricus (Collybia) diffractus Cout. nom. illeg. | Competing epithet; not treated since publication | Coutinho (1925) | E | |
Agaricus (Galera) macromastes Fr. | Not treated since publication | E | ||
Agaricus (Mycena) rufescens Cout. nom. illeg. | Competing epithet; not treated since publication | E | ||
Agaricus (Naucoria) papularis Fr. | Not treated since publication | E | ||
Panus troglodytes Fr. | Not treated since publication | Fries (1851) | E | |
Polystictus affinis var. cyathoidea Sacc. & Berl. | Not treated since publication | E | ||
Polystictus mollerianus Sacc., Berl. & Roum. | Not treated since publication | Saccardo and Berlese (1889) | E |
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Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A. (2022). Fungi of São Tomé and Príncipe Islands: Basidiomycete Mushrooms and Allies. In: Ceríaco, L.M.P., de Lima, R.F., Melo, M., Bell, R.C. (eds) Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0_8
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