Abstract
Scenarios for sustainable transformation of the global economy to near zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 in line with the Paris Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development rely strongly on renewable energy. Offshore wind shows potential to become a globally significant supplier of electricity in these scenarios. Floating solar energy and direct ocean energy sources, such as wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy, may also contribute significantly in a range of locations, but require more policy support and understanding of potential environmental impacts in order to become significant in the transition to a sustainable global energy system.
Originally published in:
Haugan, P.M., L.A. Levin, D. Amon, M. Hemer, H. Lily and F.G. Nielsen. 2020. What Role for Ocean-Based Renewable Energy and Deep Seabed Minerals in a Sustainable Future? Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at www.oceanpanel.org/blue-papers/ocean-energy-and-mineral-sources
Reprint by Springer International Publishing (2023) with kind permission.
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Abbreviations
- APEI:
-
Area of Particular Environmental Interest
- BBNJ:
-
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
- BECCS:
-
bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
- CAGR:
-
compound annual growth rate
- CCS:
-
carbon capture and storage
- CCZ:
-
Clarion-Clipperton Zone
- CDR:
-
carbon dioxide removal
- EEZ:
-
exclusive economic zone
- FAIR:
-
findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable
- GW:
-
gigawatt (109 watt)
- GWh:
-
gigawatt-hours
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IPCC:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IRENA:
-
International Renewable Energy Agency
- ISA:
-
International Seabed Authority
- ITLOS:
-
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
- LCOE:
-
levelised cost of electricity
- LDAC:
-
Long Distance Fleet Advisory Council
- LED:
-
low energy demand
- LTC:
-
Legal and Technical Commission, International Seabed Authority
- MPA:
-
Marine Protected Area
- Mtoe:
-
million tonnes of oil equivalent
- MW:
-
megawatt (106 watt)
- MWh:
-
megawatt-hours
- OTEC:
-
ocean thermal energy conversion
- PV:
-
photovoltaic
- REE:
-
rare earth element
- REMP:
-
Regional Environmental Management Plan
- REY:
-
rare earths and yttrium
- SDG:
-
Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations)
- SDLO:
-
Sustainable Development Licence to Operate
- TIMES:
-
The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model generator
- TW:
-
terawatt (1012 watt)
- TWh:
-
terawatt-hours
- UNCLOS:
-
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
- UNFCCC:
-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- VME:
-
vulnerable marine ecosystem
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Haugan, P.M., Levin, L.A., Amon, D., Hemer, M., Lily, H., Nielsen, F.G. (2023). What Role for Ocean-Based Renewable Energy and Deep-Seabed Minerals in a Sustainable Future?. In: Lubchenco, J., Haugan, P.M. (eds) The Blue Compendium. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16277-0_3
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