Abstract
Multiple methods and techniques should be used when investigating pollen grains in order to provide comprehensive and accurate information about pollen morphology and ultrastructure (see also “Misinterpretations in Palynology”). The preparation methods used depend on the material to be studied, if the pollen grains are to be obtained from recent flower material (herbarium sheets, newly collected) or from various sedimentary rocks, sediments or soils (fossil to subfossil pollen). Recent and fossil pollen grains are easily studied using both LM and SEM, but recent pollen grains are also more often studied using TEM.
Chapter PDF
References
Brown CA (1960) Palynological techniques. Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, La
Daghlian CP (1982) A simple method for combined light, scanning and transmission electron microscope observation of single pollen grains from dispersed pollen samples. Pollen Spores 24: 537–545
Erdtman G (1943) An introduction to pollen analysis. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass
Erdtman G (1960) The acetolysis method. Svensk Bot Tidskr 54: 561–564
Eyring MB (1996) Soil pollen analysis from a forensic point of view. Microscope 44: 81–97
Fægri K, Iversen J (1989) Textbook of Pollen analysis. 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
Ferguson DF, Zetter R, Paudayal KN (2007) The need for the SEM in paleopalynology. C R Palevol 6: 423–430
Gerlach D (1984) Botanische Mikrotechnik. 3rd edition, Thieme, Stuttgart
Halbritter H (1998) Preparing living pollen material for scanning electron microscopy using 2,2–dimethoxypropane (DMP) and critical–point drying. Biotech Histochem 73: 137–143
Hayat MA (2000) Principles and techniques of electron microscopy: Biological applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Heslop–Harrison J(1979) An interpretation of the hydrodynamics of pollen. Am J Bot 66: 737–743
Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen analysis. 2nd edition. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford
Nepi M, Franchi GG, Pacini E (2001) Pollen hydration status at dispersal: cytophysiological features and strategies. Protoplasma 216: 171–180
Rowley JR, Dahl AO (1977) Pollen development in Artemisia vulgaris with special reference to Glycocalyx material. Pollen Spores 19: 169–284
Siegel I (1967) Toluidine blue O and naphthol yellow S; a highly polychromatic general stain. Stain Technol 42: 29–30
Thiéry J-P (1967) Mise en évidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fines en microscopie électronique. J Microscopie 6: 987–1018
Traverse A (2007) Paleopalynology. 2nd ed, Springer, Dordrecht
Weber M (1992) Nature and distribution of the exine–held material in mature pollen grains of Apium nodiflorum L. (Apiaceae). Grana 31: 17–24
Weber M, Frosch A (1995) The development of the transmitting tract in the pistil of Haquetia epipactis (Apiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 156: 615–621
Weber M, Halbritter H (2007) Exploding pollen in Montrichardia arborescens (Araceae). Plant Syst Evol 263: 51–57
Weber M, Ulrich S (2010) The endexine: a frequently overlooked pollen wall layer and a simple method for detection. Grana 49: 83–90
Wood GD, Gabriel AM, Lawson JC (1996) Chapter 3. Palynological techniques – processing and microscopy. In: Jansonius J, McGregor DC (eds) Palynology: principles and applications. American Association of Stratigraphy Palynologists Foundation, Vol. 1. Publishers Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, p. 29-50
Zetter R (1989) Methodik und Bedeutung einer routinemäßig kombinierten lichtmikroskopischen und rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fossiler Mikrofloren. Cour Forsch–Inst Senckenberg 109: 41–50
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Halbritter, H. et al. (2018). Methods in Palynology. In: Illustrated Pollen Terminology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71364-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71365-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)