Abstract
We consider a simple extension of Standard Model by adding two complex singlet scalars with a U(1) symmetry. A discrete \( {\mathcal{Z}}_2\times {\mathcal{Z}}_2^{\prime } \) symmetry is imposed in the model and the added scalars acquire a non zero vacuum expectation value (VEV) when the imposed symmetry is broken spontaneously. The real (CP even) parts of the complex scalars mix with the SM Higgs and give three physical mass eigenstates. One of these physical mass eigenstates is attributed to the SM like Higgs boson with mass 125.09 GeV. In the present scenario, domain walls are formed in the early Universe due to the breaking of discrete \( {\mathcal{Z}}_2\times {\mathcal{Z}}_2^{\prime } \) symmetry. In order to ensure the unstability of the domain wall this discrete symmetry is also explicitly broken by adding a bias potential to the Lagrangian. The unstable annihilating domain walls produce a significant amount of gravitational waves (GWs). In addition, we also explore the possibility of the production of GW emission from the strong first-order phase transition. We calculate the intensities and frequencies of each of such gravitational waves originating from two different phenomena of the early Universe namely annihilating domain walls and strong first-order phase transition. Finally, we investigate the observational signatures from these GWs at the future GW detectors such as ALIA, BBO, DECIGO, LISA, TianQin, Taiji, aLIGO, aLIGO+ and pulsar timing arrays such as SKA, IPTA, EPTA, PPTA, NANOGrav11 and NANOGrav12.5.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
LIGO Scientific and Virgo collaborations, GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 241103 [arXiv:1606.04855] [INSPIRE].
LIGO Scientific and VIRGO collaborations, GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (2017) 221101 [Erratum ibid. 121 (2018) 129901] [arXiv:1706.01812] [INSPIRE].
M. Maggiore, Gravitational wave experiments and early universe cosmology, Phys. Rept. 331 (2000) 283 [gr-qc/9909001] [INSPIRE].
A.A. Starobinsky, Spectrum of relict gravitational radiation and the early state of the universe, JETP Lett. 30 (1979) 682 [Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 30 (1979) 719] [INSPIRE].
S.Y. Khlebnikov and I.I. Tkachev, Relic gravitational waves produced after preheating, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 653 [hep-ph/9701423] [INSPIRE].
E. Witten, Cosmic Separation of Phases, Phys. Rev. D 30 (1984) 272 [INSPIRE].
C.J. Hogan, Gravitational radiation from cosmological phase transitions, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 218 (1986) 629 [INSPIRE].
R.R. Caldwell and B. Allen, Cosmological constraints on cosmic string gravitational radiation, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 3447 [INSPIRE].
F.S. Accetta and L.M. Krauss, The stochastic gravitational wave spectrum resulting from cosmic string evolution, Nucl. Phys. B 319 (1989) 747 [INSPIRE].
A. Vilenkin and E.P.S. Shellard, Cosmic Strings and Other Topological Defects, Cambridge University Press (2000) [DOI].
E. Polturak, Beyond the Horizon: Magneto-Optical Imaging Studies of the Kibble-Zurek Scenario in Superconductors, J. Low Temp. Phys. 197 (2019) 310 [INSPIRE].
Y.B. Zeldovich, I.Y. Kobzarev and L.B. Okun, Cosmological Consequences of the Spontaneous Breakdown of Discrete Symmetry, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 67 (1974) 3 [INSPIRE].
K. Saikawa, A review of gravitational waves from cosmic domain walls, Universe 3 (2017) 40 [arXiv:1703.02576] [INSPIRE].
A. Vilenkin, Gravitational Field of Vacuum Domain Walls and Strings, Phys. Rev. D 23 (1981) 852 [INSPIRE].
S.E. Larsson, S. Sarkar and P.L. White, Evading the cosmological domain wall problem, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 5129 [hep-ph/9608319] [INSPIRE].
R. Zhou, J. Yang and L. Bian, Gravitational Waves from first-order phase transition and domain wall, JHEP 04 (2020) 071 [arXiv:2001.04741] [INSPIRE].
K. Kadota, M. Kawasaki and K. Saikawa, Gravitational waves from domain walls in the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model, JCAP 10 (2015) 041 [arXiv:1503.06998] [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky, M.S. Turner and R. Watkins, Gravitational radiation from colliding vacuum bubbles, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 4514 [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky and M.S. Turner, Gravitational radiation from colliding vacuum bubbles: envelope approximation to many bubble collisions, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 4372 [astro-ph/9211004] [INSPIRE].
S.J. Huber and T. Konstandin, Gravitational Wave Production by Collisions: More Bubbles, JCAP 09 (2008) 022 [arXiv:0806.1828] [INSPIRE].
A. Kosowsky, M.S. Turner and R. Watkins, Gravitational waves from first order cosmological phase transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 2026 [INSPIRE].
M. Kamionkowski, A. Kosowsky and M.S. Turner, Gravitational radiation from first order phase transitions, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 2837 [astro-ph/9310044] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini, R. Durrer and G. Servant, Gravitational wave generation from bubble collisions in first-order phase transitions: An analytic approach, Phys. Rev. D 77 (2008) 124015 [arXiv:0711.2593] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, S.J. Huber, K. Rummukainen and D.J. Weir, Gravitational waves from the sound of a first order phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 041301 [arXiv:1304.2433] [INSPIRE].
J.T. Giblin Jr. and J.B. Mertens, Vacuum Bubbles in the Presence of a Relativistic Fluid, JHEP 12 (2013) 042 [arXiv:1310.2948] [INSPIRE].
J.T. Giblin and J.B. Mertens, Gravitional radiation from first-order phase transitions in the presence of a fluid, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 023532 [arXiv:1405.4005] [INSPIRE].
M. Hindmarsh, S.J. Huber, K. Rummukainen and D.J. Weir, Numerical simulations of acoustically generated gravitational waves at a first order phase transition, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 123009 [arXiv:1504.03291] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini and R. Durrer, Gravitational waves from stochastic relativistic sources: Primordial turbulence and magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 063521 [astro-ph/0603476] [INSPIRE].
T. Kahniashvili, A. Kosowsky, G. Gogoberidze and Y. Maravin, Detectability of Gravitational Waves from Phase Transitions, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 043003 [arXiv:0806.0293] [INSPIRE].
T. Kahniashvili, L. Campanelli, G. Gogoberidze, Y. Maravin and B. Ratra, Gravitational Radiation from Primordial Helical Inverse Cascade MHD Turbulence, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 123006 [Erratum ibid. 79 (2009) 109901] [arXiv:0809.1899] [INSPIRE].
T. Kahniashvili, L. Kisslinger and T. Stevens, Gravitational Radiation Generated by Magnetic Fields in Cosmological Phase Transitions, Phys. Rev. D 81 (2010) 023004 [arXiv:0905.0643] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini, R. Durrer and G. Servant, The stochastic gravitational wave background from turbulence and magnetic fields generated by a first-order phase transition, JCAP 12 (2009) 024 [arXiv:0909.0622] [INSPIRE].
M.B. Hindmarsh, M. Lüben, J. Lumma and M. Pauly, Phase transitions in the early universe, SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 24 (2021) 1 [arXiv:2008.09136] [INSPIRE].
K. Kajantie, M. Laine, K. Rummukainen and M.E. Shaposhnikov, Is there a hot electroweak phase transition at mH ≥ mW?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2887 [hep-ph/9605288] [INSPIRE].
M. D’Onofrio, K. Rummukainen and A. Tranberg, Sphaleron Rate in the Minimal Standard Model, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 141602 [arXiv:1404.3565] [INSPIRE].
M. Gurtler, E.-M. Ilgenfritz and A. Schiller, Where the electroweak phase transition ends, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 3888 [hep-lat/9704013] [INSPIRE].
F. Csikor, Z. Fodor and J. Heitger, Endpoint of the hot electroweak phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 21 [hep-ph/9809291] [INSPIRE].
A. Mazumdar and G. White, Review of cosmic phase transitions: their significance and experimental signatures, Rept. Prog. Phys. 82 (2019) 076901 [arXiv:1811.01948] [INSPIRE].
J. Kozaczuk, S. Profumo, L.S. Haskins and C.L. Wainwright, Cosmological Phase Transitions and their Properties in the NMSSM, JHEP 01 (2015) 144 [arXiv:1407.4134] [INSPIRE].
S. Profumo, M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, C.L. Wainwright and P. Winslow, Singlet-catalyzed electroweak phase transitions and precision Higgs boson studies, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 035018 [arXiv:1407.5342] [INSPIRE].
I. Baldes and C. Garcia-Cely, Strong gravitational radiation from a simple dark matter model, JHEP 05 (2019) 190 [arXiv:1809.01198] [INSPIRE].
D. Croon, V. Sanz and G. White, Model Discrimination in Gravitational Wave spectra from Dark Phase Transitions, JHEP 08 (2018) 203 [arXiv:1806.02332] [INSPIRE].
P. Schwaller, Gravitational Waves from a Dark Phase Transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 181101 [arXiv:1504.07263] [INSPIRE].
V. Vaskonen, Electroweak baryogenesis and gravitational waves from a real scalar singlet, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 123515 [arXiv:1611.02073] [INSPIRE].
W. Chao, H.-K. Guo and J. Shu, Gravitational Wave Signals of Electroweak Phase Transition Triggered by Dark Matter, JCAP 09 (2017) 009 [arXiv:1702.02698] [INSPIRE].
T. Hasegawa, N. Okada and O. Seto, Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged U(1)B−L model, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 095039 [arXiv:1904.03020] [INSPIRE].
M. Artymowski, M. Lewicki and J.D. Wells, Gravitational wave and collider implications of electroweak baryogenesis aided by non-standard cosmology, JHEP 03 (2017) 066 [arXiv:1609.07143] [INSPIRE].
P.S.B. Dev, F. Ferrer, Y. Zhang and Y. Zhang, Gravitational Waves from First-Order Phase Transition in a Simple Axion-Like Particle Model, JCAP 11 (2019) 006 [arXiv:1905.00891] [INSPIRE].
A. Paul, B. Banerjee and D. Majumdar, Gravitational wave signatures from an extended inert doublet dark matter model, JCAP 10 (2019) 062 [arXiv:1908.00829] [INSPIRE].
B. Barman, A. Dutta Banik and A. Paul, Singlet-doublet fermionic dark matter and gravitational waves in a two-Higgs-doublet extension of the Standard Model, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 055028 [arXiv:1912.12899] [INSPIRE].
M. Pandey and A. Paul, Gravitational Wave Emissions from First Order Phase Transitions with Two Component FIMP Dark Matter, arXiv:2003.08828 [INSPIRE].
V.R. Shajiee and A. Tofighi, Electroweak Phase Transition, Gravitational Waves and Dark Matter in Two Scalar Singlet Extension of The Standard Model, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 360 [arXiv:1811.09807] [INSPIRE].
A. Mohamadnejad, Gravitational waves from scale-invariant vector dark matter model: Probing below the neutrino-floor, Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020) 197 [arXiv:1907.08899] [INSPIRE].
B. Fornal, Gravitational Wave Signatures of Lepton Universality Violation, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 015018 [arXiv:2006.08802] [INSPIRE].
B. Fornal and B. Shams Es Haghi, Baryon and Lepton Number Violation from Gravitational Waves, Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) 115037 [arXiv:2008.05111] [INSPIRE].
P. Athron, C. Balázs, A. Fowlie, G. Pozzo, G. White and Y. Zhang, Strong first-order phase transitions in the NMSSM — a comprehensive survey, JHEP 11 (2019) 151 [arXiv:1908.11847] [INSPIRE].
F.P. Huang and J.-H. Yu, Exploring inert dark matter blind spots with gravitational wave signatures, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 095022 [arXiv:1704.04201] [INSPIRE].
X. Gong et al., Descope of the ALIA mission, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 610 (2015) 012011 [arXiv:1410.7296] [INSPIRE].
G.M. Harry, P. Fritschel, D.A. Shaddock, W. Folkner and E.S. Phinney, Laser interferometry for the big bang observer, Class. Quant. Grav. 23 (2006) 4887 [Erratum ibid. 23 (2006) 7361] [INSPIRE].
N. Seto, S. Kawamura and T. Nakamura, Possibility of direct measurement of the acceleration of the universe using 0.1-Hz band laser interferometer gravitational wave antenna in space, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 221103 [astro-ph/0108011] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini et al., Science with the space-based interferometer eLISA. II: Gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions, JCAP 04 (2016) 001 [arXiv:1512.06239] [INSPIRE].
TianQin collaboration, TianQin: a space-borne gravitational wave detector, Class. Quant. Grav. 33 (2016) 035010 [arXiv:1512.02076] [INSPIRE].
W.-H. Ruan, Z.-K. Guo, R.-G. Cai and Y.-Z. Zhang, Taiji program: Gravitational-wave sources, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 35 (2020) 2050075 [arXiv:1807.09495] [INSPIRE].
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Advanced LIGO: the next generation of gravitational wave detectors, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 (2010) 084006.
S. Burke-Spolaor et al., The Astrophysics of Nanohertz Gravitational Waves, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 27 (2019) 5 [arXiv:1811.08826] [INSPIRE].
C.L. Carilli and S. Rawlings, Science with the Square Kilometer Array: Motivation, key science projects, standards and assumptions, New Astron. Rev. 48 (2004) 979 [astro-ph/0409274] [INSPIRE].
G. Janssen et al., Gravitational wave astronomy with the SKA, PoS AASKA14 (2015) 037 [arXiv:1501.00127] [INSPIRE].
A. Weltman et al., Fundamental physics with the Square Kilometre Array, Publ. Astron. Soc. Austral. 37 (2020) e002 [arXiv:1810.02680] [INSPIRE].
G. Hobbs et al., The international pulsar timing array project: using pulsars as a gravitational wave detector, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 (2010) 084013 [arXiv:0911.5206] [INSPIRE].
R.N. Manchester, The International Pulsar Timing Array, Class. Quant. Grav. 30 (2013) 224010 [arXiv:1309.7392] [INSPIRE].
J.P.W. Verbiest et al., The International Pulsar Timing Array: First Data Release, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 458 (2016) 1267 [arXiv:1602.03640] [INSPIRE].
J.S. Hazboun, C.M.F. Mingarelli and K. Lee, The Second International Pulsar Timing Array Mock Data Challenge, arXiv:1810.10527 [INSPIRE].
M. Krämer and D.J. Champion, The European Pulsar Timing Array and the Large European Array for Pulsars, Class. Quant. Grav. 30 (2013) 224009 [INSPIRE].
L. Lentati et al., European Pulsar Timing Array Limits On An Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 453 (2015) 2576 [arXiv:1504.03692] [INSPIRE].
S. Babak et al., European Pulsar Timing Array Limits on Continuous Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 455 (2016) 1665 [arXiv:1509.02165] [INSPIRE].
R.N. Manchester et al., The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Project, Publ. Astron. Soc. Austral. 30 (2013) 17 [arXiv:1210.6130] [INSPIRE].
R.M. Shannon et al., Gravitational waves from binary supermassive black holes missing in pulsar observations, Science 349 (2015) 1522 [arXiv:1509.07320] [INSPIRE].
M.A. McLaughlin, The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, Class. Quant. Grav. 30 (2013) 224008 [arXiv:1310.0758] [INSPIRE].
NANOGRAV collaboration, The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set: Pulsar-timing Constraints On The Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background, Astrophys. J. 859 (2018) 47 [arXiv:1801.02617] [INSPIRE].
K. Aggarwal et al., The NANOGrav 11-Year Data Set: Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries, Astrophys. J. 880 (2019) 2 [arXiv:1812.11585] [INSPIRE].
A. Brazier et al., The NANOGrav Program for Gravitational Waves and Fundamental Physics, arXiv:1908.05356 [INSPIRE].
NANOGrav collaboration, The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for an Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background, Astrophys. J. Lett. 905 (2020) L34 [arXiv:2009.04496] [INSPIRE].
V. De Luca, G. Franciolini and A. Riotto, NANOGrav Data Hints at Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 (2021) 041303 [arXiv:2009.08268] [INSPIRE].
Particle Data Group collaboration, Review of Particle Physics, Chin. Phys. C 40 (2016) 100001 [INSPIRE].
A. Dutta Banik, M. Pandey, D. Majumdar and A. Biswas, Two component WIMP-FImP dark matter model with singlet fermion, scalar and pseudo scalar, Eur. Phys. J. C 77 (2017) 657 [arXiv:1612.08621] [INSPIRE].
K. Kannike, Vacuum Stability Conditions From Copositivity Criteria, Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 2093 [arXiv:1205.3781] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Precise determination of the mass of the Higgs boson and tests of compatibility of its couplings with the standard model predictions using proton collisions at 7 and 8 TeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (2015) 212 [arXiv:1412.8662] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and coupling strengths using pp collision data at \( \sqrt{s} \) = 7 and 8 TeV in the ATLAS experiment, Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 6 [arXiv:1507.04548] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, Searches for invisible Higgs boson decays with the CMS detector, CERN, Geneva (2016) CMS-PAS-HIG-16-016.
H. Hattori, T. Kobayashi, N. Omoto and O. Seto, Entropy production by domain wall decay in the NMSSM, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 103518 [arXiv:1510.03595] [INSPIRE].
G.R. Dvali and G. Senjanović, Is there a domain wall problem?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 5178 [hep-ph/9501387] [INSPIRE].
T. Hiramatsu, M. Kawasaki and K. Saikawa, On the estimation of gravitational wave spectrum from cosmic domain walls, JCAP 02 (2014) 031 [arXiv:1309.5001] [INSPIRE].
T. Hiramatsu, M. Kawasaki and K. Saikawa, Gravitational Waves from Collapsing Domain Walls, JCAP 05 (2010) 032 [arXiv:1002.1555] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini, M.C. Guzzetti and L. Sorbo, Inflationary magnetogenesis with added helicity: constraints from non-Gaussianities, Class. Quant. Grav. 35 (2018) 124003 [arXiv:1707.09750] [INSPIRE].
M. Kawasaki, K. Saikawa and T. Sekiguchi, Axion dark matter from topological defects, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 065014 [arXiv:1412.0789] [INSPIRE].
L. Reverberi, Some Observable Effects of Modified Gravity in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Ph.D. thesis, Ferrara University (2014) arXiv:1406.6943 [INSPIRE].
O.P. Santillán and M. Sempé, Electric and magnetic axion quark nuggets, their stability and their detection, Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020) 466 [arXiv:1908.09409] [INSPIRE].
G.B. Gelmini, M. Gleiser and E.W. Kolb, Cosmology of Biased Discrete Symmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. D 39 (1989) 1558 [INSPIRE].
C.L. Wainwright, CosmoTransitions: Computing Cosmological Phase Transition Temperatures and Bubble Profiles with Multiple Fields, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183 (2012) 2006 [arXiv:1109.4189] [INSPIRE].
P. Basler, M. Krause, M. Muhlleitner, J. Wittbrodt and A. Wlotzka, Strong First Order Electroweak Phase Transition in the CP-Conserving 2HDM Revisited, JHEP 02 (2017) 121 [arXiv:1612.04086] [INSPIRE].
P.B. Arnold and O. Espinosa, The Effective potential and first order phase transitions: Beyond leading-order, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 3546 [Erratum ibid. 50 (1994) 6662] [hep-ph/9212235] [INSPIRE].
C. Caprini et al., Detecting gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions with LISA: an update, JCAP 03 (2020) 024 [arXiv:1910.13125] [INSPIRE].
J.R. Espinosa, T. Konstandin, J.M. No and G. Servant, Energy Budget of Cosmological First-order Phase Transitions, JCAP 06 (2010) 028 [arXiv:1004.4187] [INSPIRE].
A. Azatov and M. Vanvlasselaer, Phase transitions in perturbative walking dynamics, JHEP 09 (2020) 085 [arXiv:2003.10265] [INSPIRE].
C.-W. Chiang and B.-Q. Lu, First-order electroweak phase transition in a complex singlet model with ℤ3 symmetry, JHEP 07 (2020) 082 [arXiv:1912.12634] [INSPIRE].
A.D. Linde, Decay of the False Vacuum at Finite Temperature, Nucl. Phys. B 216 (1983) 421 [Erratum ibid. 223 (1983) 544] [INSPIRE].
J. Ellis, M. Lewicki, J.M. No and V. Vaskonen, Gravitational wave energy budget in strongly supercooled phase transitions, JCAP 06 (2019) 024 [arXiv:1903.09642] [INSPIRE].
J. Ellis, M. Lewicki and J.M. No, Gravitational waves from first-order cosmological phase transitions: lifetime of the sound wave source, JCAP 07 (2020) 050 [arXiv:2003.07360] [INSPIRE].
G.D. Moore, Measuring the broken phase sphaleron rate nonperturbatively, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 014503 [hep-ph/9805264] [INSPIRE].
F. D’Eramo and K. Schmitz, Imprint of a scalar era on the primordial spectrum of gravitational waves, Phys. Rev. Research. 1 (2019) 013010 [arXiv:1904.07870] [INSPIRE].
E. Thrane and J.D. Romano, Sensitivity curves for searches for gravitational-wave backgrounds, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 124032 [arXiv:1310.5300] [INSPIRE].
K. Schmitz, New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions, JHEP 01 (2021) 097 [arXiv:2002.04615] [INSPIRE].
C.J. Moore, R.H. Cole and C.P.L. Berry, Gravitational-wave sensitivity curves, Class. Quant. Grav. 32 (2015) 015014 [arXiv:1408.0740] [INSPIRE].
T. Alanne, T. Hugle, M. Platscher and K. Schmitz, A fresh look at the gravitational-wave signal from cosmological phase transitions, JHEP 03 (2020) 004 [arXiv:1909.11356] [INSPIRE].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
ArXiv ePrint: 2010.03439
Rights and permissions
Open Access . This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Paul, A., Mukhopadhyay, U. & Majumdar, D. Gravitational wave signatures from domain wall and strong first-order phase transitions in a two complex scalar extension of the Standard Model. J. High Energ. Phys. 2021, 223 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2021)223
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2021)223