Abstract
Water decontamination became a priority-based focused area for environmental scientists and researchers these days. Several contaminants like pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, aldrin, lindane, malathion) and heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu) are broadly reported in drinking water worldwide. Pesticides and heavy metals build up in drinking water is a danger to all consumers. These pollutants cause a number of deadly diseases like bone deformity, nerve disorder, liver damage and cancer. So, their elimination from drinking water is a must to do thing to save life of the living creatures. Several pollutant removal processes are applied for the eliminations of these contaminants from water, of which adsorption and photocatalysis are latest, effective and focused in this paper. Thus, this review will focused on the recent work done using zinc and iron oxides nanomaterials as adsorbent for the removal of different heavy metals and photocatalysts for the mineralization of various pesticides.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
The earth is the sink of all kinds of resources that we required for the fulfilment of our daily needs. As the population of the developing countries like India and China increase, it causes a number of threatening effects on our environment and global problems like shortage of hygienic food, potable water, shelter and deterioration of natural recourses. A major outcome of this scarcity is enhancing contaminations in all types of natural resources due to human interventions. As the green revolution comes in form of amendment and applied on general use, the increase in yield is quite impressive but the extensive operation of chemically fabricated fertilizer and pesticides not only deteriorate the natural resources but also accumulate in food chain and causes life threatening disease like cancer, ulcer, etc. (Khetan and Collins 2007; Ramlogan 1997).
Water is second most required resource after air for the every living organism on the earth. Water resources are exists in two most common forms like ocean and fresh water. As ocean water can’t be used for household, farming and industrial application, only fresh water resources have significant role to fulfil all the above demands. Fresh water resources, because of their high demands, are getting exhausted. Due to this, water streams like river and canal either drying up or become sewage in most of the states of Indian subcontinents. Due to the deterioration of surface water, ground water sources becomes the highly demanded and dependable resource for the society. Ground water resources are mainly contaminated by the polluted water streams like rivers, canals or sewage system through surface water-ground water (SW-GW) interaction or penetration phenomenon (Sophocleous 2002). The sewage wastewater is take part to make water resources unfit for use because most 70% of inappropriate discharged comes from the industrial and municipal sectors in India on daily basis (Gadipelly et al. 2014). Therefore, both type of water resources either become exhausted or polluted by several anthropogenic activities. This paper review the application and usefulness of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxides (IOs) nanomaterials as an adsorbents and photocatalysts for the deportation and degradation of heavy metals, pesticides and some dyes (Fig. 1).
Pollutants in the water system
Water resources are not only over exploited but are also contaminated by anthropogenic activities like domestic waste, industrial discharge and agricultural run offs (Fig. 2).Pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides are reported to be having carcinogenic property and abundantly found in surface water as well as ground water. The drawn out effect of water system with sewage effluents on heavy metal substance in soil, crops and groundwaterhave been reported in the outskirt regions of western Delhi. The 10 years irrigation based on sewage water, shown the noteworthy elevation of zinc, iron, lead and nickel in soil (Rattan et al. 2005).
The side-effects of industrialization in Peenya, the industrial area near Bangalore, on ground water quality was studied by Shankar et al. (2008), and they reported that about 70% of the samples are not suitable for drinking purposes according to the limitations given by BIS (Shankar et al. 2008). Jayadev and Puttaih (2013) analyzed the Vrishabhavathi river and its surroundings water samples and found that river water isn't for drinking by the BIS norms. It is additionally not appropriate to utilize straightforwardly for irrigation also. The concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, chromium, nickel found to be above the permissible limits as given by BIS, and decrease downstream the river (Jayadev and Puttaih 2013). Baride et al. (2012) evaluate the surface and ground water from Jalgaon, Maharashtra. More than 60 water samples from nullahs, river and bore wells were collected by pre and post-monsoon sampling. Trace elements like iron, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese and lead were analyzed using double-beam AAS. The concentration of Mn, Fe and Zn in water samples ranges 0.0001–1.3513 mg/l, 0.0146–1.3237 mg/l and 0.005–0.1993 mg/l, respectively, in post-monsoon season (Baride et al. 2012). Agricultural practices within the Krishni river catchment have negative influence on the river water aspect. Surface water run-off from agricultural land carries agricultural chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers have also been demonstrated to contain heavy metals (Gascia et al. 1996). Surface water of River Krishni as well as from the ground water of nearby villages are collected and analyzed for various parameters (physiochemical, heavy metals) and found that water samples from both the sources are heavily contaminated (Bharti et al. 2020a, 2019; Jangwan et al. 2019). Alam and Umer (2013) analyze the level of trace elements such as aluminium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, boron and lead in the ground water samples from the, Baghpat district of west U.P. This analysis shown high amount of aluminium as well as chromium concentration in nearly all samples. Other evaluated heavy metals concentrations are also high as compared to BIS standards (Alam and Umar 2013). The amount of heavy metals like cadmium, copper, cobalt, zinc, nickel, lead, iron and manganese evaluated in many inorganic-based fertilizers such as urea, calcium super phosphate, iron sulfate and copper sulfate as well as in some pesticides. The finding of this analysis shown that superphosphate contain higher amount of Co, Cd, Cu, Zn as an impurity, CuSO4 and FeSO4 have the high level of lead and nickel. All the pesticides are found to be contaminated with Cd and level of trace elements iron, manganese, zinc, lead and nickel found in high quantity in the herbicide (Gascia et al. 1996). River Ganga water tests from the city of Kanpur were extricated by liquid extraction and their quantitative and qualitative analysis done by using GC-ECD method. Amid from the different pesticides analyzed down, higher groupings of γ-HCH (0.259 µg L−1) and malathion (20,618 µg L−1) were identified. Drinking water samples were also analyzed via the same method, and the concentrations of γ-HCH, malathion and dieldrin were found to be 0.900–29.835 µg L−1(Sankararamakrishna et al. 2005). By using solid-phase extraction technique, a total of 67 pesticides like organochlorine, organophosphate, carabamates, pyrethroids, pyrimidines, azoles, triazoles and other class of pesticides were analyzed by GC–MS technique using C18 and HLB cartridges (Kouzayha et al. 2012). Drinking water samples in the rural parts of Haryana, India were discovered to be tainted with organochlorine pesticides like HCH isomers, endosulphan, DDT and its metabolites (Kaushik et al. 2012). The samples have been analyzed and reported to be contaminated with different pesticides. The level of atrazine, chlorfenvinphos, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, lindane, molinate and simazine were 0.63, 31.6, 0.18, 0.18, 0.24, 0.48 and 0.3 µg L−1found in surface water samples of an agricultural intensive areas of Portuguese. In case of ground water, the maximum concentration of different pesticides are 0.4–56 µg L−1 (Cerejeira et al. 2003). The remnant of DDT and its metabolites, HCH and its isomers, heptachlor and its epoxides and aldrin were analyzed in cereal grains and drinking water samples in Rajasthan, India and wheat samples were reported to be excessively contaminated as the limits given by WHO (Bakore et al. 2004). Samples from 28 domestic wells, after extraction by solid phase extraction methods, were analyzed by GC and reported to be tainted by DDT, endosulfan and lindane. The range for lindane was between 0.68 and 1.38 µg L−1. For DDT, range was 0.15–0.19 µg L−1. For α-endosulfan the range was 1.34–2.41 µg L−1 and for β-endosulfan was 0.21 to 0.87 µg L−1 (Shukla et al. 2006).In addition to this soil and water samples were reported to be taint with different pesticides such aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, HCH isomers, DDT isomers/ metabolites, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and its metabolites, chlordane and methoxychlor in Unnao district of U.P. The range of detected pesticides were in the range from 0.36–104.50 ngg−1 and 2.63–3.72 µgL−1in soil and surface water samples, respectively (Singh et al. 2007). Ali et al. (2008) reported the presence of organochlorine pesticides such as α, β and γ BHC’s, aldrin, endosulfan, DDE, DDD and methoxychlorin the Hindon river water samples (Ali et al. 2008). Lari et al. (2014) compared the pesticide concentration in surface and ground water of farming intensive areas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra, India. Among the reported pesticides, α, β, γ and δ HCH’s, aldrin, dicofol, DDT and its derivatives, α, β endosulphan’s and endosulphan-sulfate were organochlorine pesticides, and dichlorovos, ethion, parathion-methyl, phorate, chlorpyrifos and profenofos were organophosphate. In contrast to groundwater, higher concentration of OCPs and OPPs were found in surface water. Among pesticides, water samples were reported to be taint with organophosphates than the organochlorines (Lari et al. 2014). Jayashree and Vasudevan (2007) conducted studies and reported with the level of organochlorinepollution in groundwater of Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu. The samples were exceptionally tainted with DDT, HCH, endosulfan and their subordinates (Jayashree and Vasudevan 2007). Liquid–liquid extraction technique was used for the extractionof pesticides with the help of DCM as an extracting solvent and reported the presence of aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, DDT and its derivatives using capillary GCMS (Fatoki and Awofolu 2003). Due to the carcinogenic nature of heavy metals, pesticides and other pollutants, they should be removed from drinking water.
Synthesis methods of metal oxide nanomaterials
The two main approaches which are used for the fabrication of nanomaterials are top-down and bottom-up methods.
The top-down methodology includes fundamentally actual techniques where a mass material is cut into pieces till the ideal size is accomplished. However, by the use of this approach micrometer size can be formed easily but for achieving nanometer size these methods are expensive, where the bottom-up methods involve chemical techniques. These are commanded methods. This restriction prompts the development of particles of wanted size and shape (Arole and Munde 2014; Wolfsteller et al. 2010; Wolf 2006). Various explicit techniques have been created and the widely used ones of those are given in Fig. 3. Top-down approaches include thermal methods, mechanical methods, chemical etching, whereas bottom-up approaches involve sol–gel, vapour deposition, precipitation method, etc. Physical methods involve in top-down approaches are slow processes and non-favourable for large scale fabrication. In contrast to this, chemical or biological methods of bottom-up approaches are fast as compared to top-down approaches (Singh et al. 2010). In any case, in contrast to the compound blend of atoms of an ideal construction, the amalgamation of nanomaterials with uniform size and shape is troublesome. Accordingly, huge scope union of nanomaterials stays a test. In order to control certain morphological characters with certain “chemical” versatility “bottom-up” approach must be followed (Dintinger et al. 2012).
Pollutants decontamination processes
Pesticide and heavy metals pollution emerges as the serious environmental concern. Human body require some metals like Fe, Ca, P, Mg K, Na for better functioning. On the other hand some metals like Cd, As, Ni, Pb, Zn have an adverse effect because they can bio accumulate in our body through food chain. Moreover, pesticides and fertilizers are used in farming land to destroy the pests and obtained high yield. In the processing of some fertilizer, heavy metals are employed as an ingredient. These contaminants reported to be found in the samples of water, soil, food etc. These pollutants cause disease like cancer and ulcer. So, removal of these cancer causing elements must be done before their use through water and other resources. Herein we discussed the most efficient, highly used, easily employed drinking water decontamination process i.e., Adsorption and Photocatalysis.
Adsorption process
Adsorption process is the key concern in the field of removal of pollutants from water. The large surface area of a catalyst could enhance the degradation or removal efficiency of pollutants. Adsorption phenomenon is based on the fact that, when the contaminated water comes in the contact with a nanoadsorbent, the pollutants species got adsorbed on the pores, present of the surface of that adsorbent. The surface of nanoadsorbent play an important role in the water decontaminating process. The surface morphology of nanoadsorbent can be studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The scanning electron microscopy images of some nanomaterials such as ZnO and Fe2O3 are shown in Fig. 4, which is helpful for the better understanding of their surface characteristics. Herein the review of different metal oxides nanomaterialsused for the evacuation of different trace elements from aqueous medium by using adsorption phenomenon summarized and their details are given in Table 1.
ZnO Nanomaterials
The large surface area of nano size zinc oxide materials exhibits effective removal of contaminants like heavy metals. The ZnO nanoparticles are non-toxic and environment friendly in nature also can be easily synthesized. They have vast application in the adsorbent-based elimination of various toxic elements such as cadmium, chromium, manganese and nickel from drinking water. Deportation of Cd can also be done with the use of ion-exchange method. It was based on the hypothesis that at first Cd particles enter in the pores of ZnO and traded basically by hydroxyl bunches which are available on the outside of zinc oxide. These Cd ions undergo through a channel of the crystalline lattice of ZnO before they are exchanged (Le et al. 2019).
ZnO nonmaterial has been widely utilized for the eviction of arsenic, from the water and reported the removal efficiency 0.85 mg As/g (Muensri and Danwittayakul 2017). Removals of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb heavy metals were reported by using ZnO and other nanoparticles as an adsorbent successfully (Mahdavi et al. 2012). The eradication of different trace elements like chromium, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, copper, arsenic and Selenium was reported by various researchers (Ahmed and Yousef 2015; Salem et al. 2017; Mahdavi et al. 2015; Somu and Paul 2018; Khezami et al. 2019; Ghiloufi et al. 2016; Bharti 2021).
Iron oxides nano-materials
Iron oxides nano-materials have been well studied because of their diverse properties and functionalities. Moreover, iron oxide nanomaterials with low poisonousness, substance latency and biocompatibility show a gigantic potential in mix with biotechnology (Gupta and Gupta 2005). Because of these bio-safe and naturally well-disposed natures, a few strategies are for the most part utilized for the combination of iron oxide nanoparticles like co-precipitation method (Tang et al. 2006). Numerous specialists have been zeroing in their endeavours on creating compound and actual strategies for their union. Recently, a detailed description based of fabrication, characterization, and properties of IOs nanomaterials have been made (Laurent et al. 2008; Teja and Koh 2009). Iron oxide nanoparticles can assume a critical part in the recycling of trace elements. De et al. (2009) fabricate and utilized, iron oxide nanomaterials for the adsorption of As (III) from arsenic contaminated water (De et al. 2009). The impact of nanocrystalline magnetite on arsenic expulsion was studied by Mayo et al. (2007). The fabrication, analysis and use of of Fe3+oxide/ hydroxide based nanoadsorbent for the elimination of Cr (+ 6) and phosphate were reported by Zelmanov et al. (2011a, b). Application of iron oxide nanomaterials for the eradication of different trace elements like arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, etc., was studied by Dave et al. (2014). The evacuation of arsenic and selenium from aqueous medium was effectively done by utilizing the iron oxide nanoparticle/ carbon nanotube adsorbent (Lee and Kim 2016). Megneticporous Fe3O4-MnO2nanoparticles wereeffectively blended and applied for the evacuation of specific metals like Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn from the aqueous solution. (Zhao et al. 2016). In addition to the removal phenomenon nanosize magnetic particles become expected adsorbents for the expulsion of cadmium. Iron-based material, for example, hematite structure (α-Fe2O3), maghemite structure (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite structure (Fe3O4) are eco-friendly, cost effective, easy to synthesize and perform with a high potential toward removal purposes. It has been reported that hematite loaded with biochar efficiently absorbs cadmium ions from aqueous medium (Iqbal et al. 2021). A detailed review based on the evacuation of Cd from waste water and drinking water by using iron and other metal oxides nanoparticle is presented by kumar et al. (2014). Elimination of Se, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb heavy metals was reported by using Fe3O4 and other nanoadsorbent effectively (Mahdavi et al. 2012; Zelmanov and Semiat 2013). The eviction of Cd, Al, As, Co, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn, Se trace elements by using Fe2O3nanomaterials as an adsorbent was reported by various researchers (Saad et al. 2012; Velez et al. 2016; Maiti et al. 2018; Fato et al. 2019).
In addition to zinc oxide and iron oxides nanomaterials, TiO2 nonmaterials are also widely used adsorbent for the elimination of different heavy metals. The TiO2 nanoadsorbent have been reported for the removal of arsenic with the removal efficiency 0.99 mg As/g (Muensri and Danwittayakul 2017). Kumar et al. reviewed the effect of titanium-based nanoadsorbent for the elimination of cadmium from waste water and drinking water kumar et al. (2014).
Photocatalysis
Debasement and mineralization of organic pollutants like pesticides have become the critical worry for academic persons globally, on account of their high synthetic dependability, low biodegradability and high persistency in the climate. The total debasement of natural toxins is beyond the realm of imagination by customary methodologies like anaerobic processing, enacted muck absorption, physiochemical treatment, as they just exchange the pollutants starting with one stage then onto the next. However, advanced treatment methods like advance oxidation processes, biological remediation, membrane filtration, ozonation and adsorption have shown to be very promising. Out of these strategies, advance oxidation measure (AOP) utilizing nanoparticle-based semiconductors as a photocatalyst for the corruption of pesticide is considered as generally effective, promising and natural amicable method (Khan et al. 2015). Amidst the various technologies and methods available, the advanced oxidation process of photocatalytic degradation technique using semiconductors has shown to be one of the most promising processes for the drinkingwater as well as wastewater treatment (Raizada et al. 2019; Fujishima and Honda 1972). The initial interest in photocatalysis using semiconductor photocatalysts began in 1972, when water splitting was shown to be possible to form H2 and O2 under the conditions of photochemical reactions by using TiO2 nanomaterial (Andreozzi et al. 1999). The advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are portrayed by a typical reactive property. The capacity of using high reactivity of OH extremists in driving the oxidation measures which are reasonable for accomplishing the total reduction and mineralization of even less responsive pollutants (Quiroz et al. 2011). Highly reactive oxidizing species are involved in the phenomenon of advanced oxidation process, which successfully degrade the organic substance by attacking on them. It was introduced by Glaze et al. for the first time.
These free radicals can be produced by photochemical or non-photochemical procedures.
Types of photocatalysis on the basis of phases of reactant and catalyst
(i) Homogeneous photocatalysis In homogeneous catalysis, both reactant and catalysts are in same phase (Fenton and Fenton-like process). So, everything will be present in a single liquid phase. The catalyst should be separated when the treatment is finished. Various methods are employed for this purpose such as precipitation, ion exchange technique and liquid emulsion membrane process. But all these methods add extra cost to catalyst recovery during the treatment process. So, the need of heterogeneous catalysts was realized in order to overcome this problem.
(ii) Heterogeneous photocatalysis In case of catalysis based on heterogeneous situations, the reactant and catalyst present in distinct forms. So, there is no need of catalyst recovery from the system. These types of photocatalysis are based on corruption theory includes the utilization of a strong semiconductor nanocatalyst, which can produce a steady colloidal interruption, under radiation to invigorate a response in the strong/fluid interface. As soon as the nanocatalyst exposure with the contamination solution, which contain reducing as well as oxidizing species in the same aqueous solution, transmission of the charges take place. Nano-materials-based photocatalysis for the remediation of drinking water is the best application of this technology. This method can be utilized for mild’s effluents to concentrated toxic multi-elemental complex industrial pollutants (Sonu et al. 2019; Singh et al. 2018; Xia et al. 2021; Sahithya and Das 2015). These semiconductors of nano-size give better results, due to their wide exterior. This interaction depends on the rule that when a semiconductor is presented to a light wellspring of specific frequency, the electrons from valence band are elevated to the conduction band abandoning the positive hole. The created electron–hole sets move to the outside of the semiconductor and corrupt the organic contaminants into nontoxic ones (Sudhaik et al.2020). The band gap energy given by Quiroz et al. (2011) for Fe2O3, ZnO and TiO2 are 2.2 eV, 3.2 eV and 3.2 eV, respectively (Sonu et al. 2019). The required band gap energy as well as actuation wave length of widely used Metal oxides nanocatalyst are given in Table 2.
The photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductors can be enhanced by using hetero-junction semiconductors. These hetero-junction semiconductors are prepared by combining another semiconductor. Photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4 will be increase by preparing hetero-junction using other metal oxides (Sudhaik et al. 2020). The Z-Scheme is also an important kind of hetero-junction which can be used to increase the capacity of photocatalytic reactions . In Z-Schemes, redox mediators are commonly used to maintain the high and enhanced redox potentials. The photo-generated electrons are directly transferred to valence band of one semiconductor to conduction band of another semicoinductors (Kumar et al. 2020). Another most employed method used for the enhancement of photocatalyst activity is vacancy creation. These vacancies can be categorized as anion vacancy, cation vacancy and multiple vacancy depending upon the ions loss from the photocatalyst. In addition to these activity enhancement methods, metal-free photocatalysts also exploited due to their extraordinary qualities and cost-friendly nature. One of the mostly used metal-free semiconductors is carbon nitride which is commonly known as GCN (g-C3N4). The exceptional physiochemical properties, deserving electronics capabilities and nontoxic nature of GCN, draw the attention of researchers to use as a semiconductors photocatalyst (Sharma et al. 2020; Raizada et al. 2020; Badaway et al. 2006). In contrast to this metal oxide nanoparticles having exceptional photocatalyst properties are chosen for this review as:
ZnO nanomaterials
ZnO nanomaterials are broadly utilized as an effective photochemical elimination of various contaminants such as organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides and various dyes, etc (Table 4). The details given below regarding elimination of some pesticides from water:
Pesticides
ZnO nanoparticle has been widely used because of their high excitation energy and non-toxic nature. This review includes the comprehensive investigation of the synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials as well as their application in various fields along with pollutants degradation or removal from the aqueous medium. ZnO nanoparticles have been highly attentive due to their stability, catalytic activity, effective antimicrobial, anticancer activity and UV absorbance quality. The photocatalysis-based elimination of chlorpyrifos was effectively done by using synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle under UV irradiation (Khan et al. 2015). Badaway et al. (2006) used AOP for the degradation of organophophorus pesticides from water (Lavand and Malghe 2015). The natural light based photo-degradation of organochlorine pesticide (4-Chloro phenol), using ZnO based nanocompositeswas achieved by Lavand and Malghe (2015), Anandan et al. (2006). 100% degradation of organophosphate pesticide monocrotophos was done by using ZnO nanoparticles via photocatalytic degradation process as reported by Anandan et al. (2006), (2007). In addition to this, the elimination of monocrotophos can also be achieved by using doped photocatalyst such as La doped ZnO (Nguyen et al. 2015). Photocatalysis-based eliminations of different pesticides and dyes are given in Table 3 and the comparison of both nanoparticles as a decontaminating agent is given in Table 4:
Dyes In addition to pesticides degradation, many researchers also reported the photocatalytic degradation of RB198 blue dye, acid-32-cyanine 5R, Blue cat 41 dye, acid 4092 dye, acid black 1 dye, RB and MBdyes successfully, by using ZnO nanomaterials and its composites in different advanced oxidation methods (Dehghani and Mahdavi 2018, 2015; Golmohammadi et al. 2016; Golmohammadi 2016; Rokesh et al. 2018; Yu et al. 2013; Salijooqi et al. 2020).
Iron oxide nanomaterials
Pesticides Removal of organochlorine pesticides aldrin, endrin, lindane and di and tri chlorophenoxy acetic acid were achieved by using Fe3O4 nanoadsorbent and Fe2O3 nanocatalyst respectively (Abdullah et al. 2013; Maji et al. 2012).
Dyes The α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized and used as a photocatalyst for the successful elimination of RB dye as reported by Maji et al. (2012), Bharti et al. (2020b).
Others Treatment of textile effluents having high COD, BOD and colour, using Fe2+ nanoparticles was achieved by Malik el al. (2018), Zelmanov and Semiat (2008). The other form of iron oxides i.e., Fe3O4-based nanomaterials were utilized as a nanocatalyst for the AOPs-based oxidation process by Grigori et al. (2008), Fox and Dulay (1993).
Titanium dioxide nanomaterials
In the year 1972, water is splitting to form H2 and O2 under the conditions of photochemical reactions by using TiO2 nanomaterial, that’s where the photocatalysis were, started (Senthilnathan and Philip 2009).
Pesticides The photocatalytic elimination of some pesticides aldrin, diuron, imidacloprid, formetante and methomyl have been reported by using heterogeneous photocatalyst TiO2 (Malato et al. 2002; Malik et al. 2018). Removal of mixed pesticides including dichlorvos, lindane and methyl parathion have been reported using suspended and immobilezed TiO2 by photodegradation method (Augugliaro et al. 2006). The 100% removals of monocrotophos and dichlorvos pesticides have been reviewed by using TiO2-Zeolite nanocomposites (Kitture et al. 2011).
Others Augugliaro et al. (2006) used thetitanium oxide nanocatalyst during the deportation of different kinds of pollutants from both water and gaseous states. The use of TiO2 nanocatalyst is a milestone in the area of ecological sustainability, because of the ability of TiO2 towards the elimination of organic and inorganic pollutants (Kitture et al. 2011).
There are various types of nanoparticles reported in the literature i.e., metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal sulphide nanoparticles, etc. Out of these metal oxide nanoparticles have been chosen for this review, due to their easy availability, widely used, cost-friendly, environmental compatibility and their ability to withdrawal of organic as well as inorganic contaminants from the water. Recovery of nanoparticles at the end of reactions is another important key factor to choose a photocatalyst and assured its reusability and non-toxicity. The reusability of photocatalyst will be done by using proper separation methods such as centrifugation, filtration, vacuum filtration, plant-based coagulation, chemical-based coagulation etc. (Nurmi et al. 2011; Patchaiyappan et al. 2016).
Conclusions
This paper reviewed the application of zinc oxide and iron oxides nanoparticles for the water decontamination process such as adsorption and photocatalysis. This review stipulate that nanometal oxides adsorbent are favourable decontaminating agents for the withdrawal of heavy metals/trace elements. Their adsorbent efficiency could be enhanced by optimization of working condition like pH, nano-adsorbent quantity, exposure hour, etc. Degradation of pesticides and dyes involve the use of heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction in addition with the use of different semiconducting nanomaterials. Due to their wide band gap zinc oxide and iron oxides are excellent photocatalyst, which can degrade POPs like pesticides easily and effectively. The zinc oxide as well as iron oxides nanomaterials are found to be best adsorbent and photocatalyst, because of their excessive exterior area, easy synthesis, and fine to excellent performance.
Abbreviations
- GC-ECD:
-
Gas chromatography electron capture detector
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- HLB Cartridge:
-
Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridge
- AAS:
-
Atomic absorption spectrometry
- BIS:
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- DCM:
-
Di chloro methane
- DDT:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DDE:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDD:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
- HCH:
-
Hexachlorocyclohexane
- HCB:
-
Hexachlorobenzene
- OCPs:
-
Organo chlorine pesticides
- OPPs:
-
Organo phosphorous pesticides
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- GCN:
-
Graphite carbon nitride
References
Abdullah AH, Mun LK, Zainal Z, Hussein MZ (2013) Photodegradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids by ZnO/γ-Fe2O3nanocatalysts: a Comparative study. Int J Chem 5:56–65. Doi:https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v5n4p56.
Ahmed NM, Yousef NS (2015) Synthesis and characterization of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles for the removal of Cr(VI). Int J Sci Eng Res 6(7):1235–1243
Alam F, Umar R (2013) Trace elements in groundwater of hindon-yamuna interfluve region, Baghpat District, Western Uttar Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 13:422–428. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00582-7.
Ali I, Singh P, Rawat MSM, Badoni A (2008) Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in the Hindon river water, India. J Environ Protection Sci 2:47–53
Anandan S, Vinu A, Venkatachalam N, Arabindoo B, Murugesan V (2006) Photocatalytic activity of ZnO impregnated Hβ and mechanical mix of ZnO/ Hβ in the degradation of monocrotophos in aqueous solution. J Mol Catal 256:312–320. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLCATA.2006.05.012.
Anandan S, Vinu A, Sheeja Lovely KLP, Gokulakrishnan N, Srinivasu P, Mori T, Murugesan V, Sivamurugan V, Ariga K (2007) Photocatalytic activity of La-doped ZnO for the degradation of monocrotophos in aqueous suspension. J Mol Catal A Chem 266(1):149–157. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.11.008.
Andreozzi R, Caprio V, Insola A, Marrota R (1999) Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catal Today 53:51–59. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9.
Arole VM, Munde SV (2014) Fabrication of nanomaterials by top-down and bottom-up approaches-an overview. J Adv Appl Sci Technol Mater Sci 1(2):89–93. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7751-7_8.
Augugliaro V, Litter M, Palmisano L, Soria J (2006) The combination of heterogeneous photocatalysis with chemical and physical operations. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 7(4):127–144. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2006.12.001.
Badaway MI, Ghaly MY, Gad-Allah TA (2006) Advanced oxidation process for the removal of organophophorus pesticides from water. Desalination 194(1–3):166–175. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.027.
Bakore N, John PJ, Bhatnagar P (2004) Organochlorine pesticide residue in wheat and drinking water samples from Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Environ Monit Assess 98:381–389. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038197.76047.83.
Bandala ER,. Gelover S, Leal T, Arancibia C, Estrada AJ (2002) Solar photocatalytic degradation of aldrin. Catalysis Today 76(2):189–199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140286.
Baride MV, Patel SN, Yeole D, Golekar R (2012) Evaluation of the heavy metal contamination in surface/ground water from some parts of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India. Arch Appl Sci Res 4(6):2479–2487
Bharti, Jangwan JS, Kumar V, Kumar A (2019) Assessment and reason of drinking water quality in the catchment area of River Krishni, West U. P. India. Int J Res Anal Rev 6:823–833. http://www.ijrar.org/IJRAR19J3711.pdf.
Bharti, Jangwan JS, Kumar A, Kumar V (2020) Water quality of an Indian tributary affected by various industrial effluents-a case study. Adv Environ Res 9:41–54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2020.9.1.041.
Bharti, Jangwan JS, Kumar A, Kumar V (2020) Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water and their degradation by synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. Asian J Chem 32(5):1177–1182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22585.
Bharti, Jangwan JS, Kumar G, Kumar V, Kumar A (2021) Abatement of organic and inorganic pollutants by using commercial and laboratory synthesized Nanoparticles. SN Appl Sci 3(311):1–12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04294-0
Cerejeira MJ, Viana P, Batista S, Pereira T, Silva E, Valerio MJ, Silva A, Ferreira M, Silva-Fernandes AM (2003) Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters. Water Res 37(5):1055–1063. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00462-6.
Dehghani MH, Mahdavi P (2015) Removal of acid 4092 dye from aqueous solution by zinc oxide nanaoparticles and ultraviolet irradiation. Deslination Water Treat 54(12):3464–3469. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.913267.
Dave PN, Chopda LV (2014) Application of Iron oxide nanomaterials for the removal of Heavy metals. J Nanotechnol, pp 1–14. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/398569.
Dintinger J, Muhlig S, Rockstuhl C, Scharf T (2012) A bottom-up approach to fabricate optical metamaterials by self-assembled metallic nanoparticles. Opt Material Exp 2(3):269–278. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.2.000269.
De D, Mandal SM, Bhattacharya J, Ram S, Roy SK (2009) Iron oxide nanoparticle-assisted arsenic removal from aqueous system. J Environ Sci Health Part A 44:155–162. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520802539756.
Dehghani MH, Mahdavi P (2018) The experimental data of investigating the efficiency of zinc oxide nanoparticles technology under ultraviolet radiation (UV/ZnO) to remove Acid-32-Cyanine 5R from aqueous solutions. Elsevier 21:767–774. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.037.
Du W, Xu Y, Wang Y (2008) Photoinduced degradation of orange II on different iron (hydr) oxides in aqueous suspension: rate enhancement on addition of hydrogen peroxide, silver nitrate, and sodium fluoride. Langmuir 24:175–181. https://doi.org/10.1021/la7021165
Fato FP, Li DW, Zhao LJ, Long YT (2019) Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metal ions from River water using Ultafine Mesoporous magnetite Nanoparticles. ACS Omega 4:7543–7549. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00731.
Fatoki OS, Awofolu RO (2003) Methods for selective determination of Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments by capillary gas chromatography and electron- capture detection. J Chromatogr 983:225–236. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01730-2.
Feng W, Nansheng D, Helin H (2000) Degradation mechanism of azo dye CI reactive red 2 by iron powder reduction and photooxidation in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 41:1233–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00538-x
Fox MA, Dulay MT (1993) Heterogeneous photocatalysis. Chem Rev. 93:341–357. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00017a016.
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature. 238:37–38. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0.
Gadipelly C, Pérez-González A, Yadav GD, Ortiz I, Ibáñez R, Rathod VK, Marathe KV (2014) Pharmaceutical industry wastewater: review of the technologies for water treatment and reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(29): 11571–11592. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie501210j.
Garrido I, Aznar-Cervantes S, Aliste M, Yáñez-Gascón M, Vela N, Cenis JL, Navarro S, Fenoll J (2020) Photocatalytic performance of electrospun silk fibroin/zno mats to remove pesticide residues from water under natural sunlight. MDPI Catalysts. 10(110):1–15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010110.
Gascia EG, Boluda R, Andreu V (1996) Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils. Environ J Pollut 92(1):19–25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00090-9.
Ghiloufi I, Ghoul JE, Modwi A, Mir AE (2016) Preparation and characterization of Ca-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for heavy metals removal from aqueous solution. MRS Adv, pp 1–6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.511.
Golmohammadi S (2016) Photocatalytic efficiency of Hydrothermal synthesized Zinc Oxide nanoparticels for the removal of acid black 1 from aqueous solution. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci 23(4):680–687
Golmohammadi S, Ahmadpour M, Mohammadi A, Alinejad A, Mirzaei N, Ghaderpoori M (2016) Removal of Blue cat 41 dye from aqueous solution with ZnO Nanoparticles in combination with US and US-H2O2. Advanced oxidation processes. Environ Health Eng Manag 3(2):107–113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15171/ehemj.2016.08.
Gupta AK, Gupta M (2005) Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide Nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 26(18):3995–4021. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.012.
Hariharan C (2006) Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in water by ZnO nanoparticles: revisited. Appl Catal A 304:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.02.020
Iqbal T, Iqbal S, Baatool F, Thomas D, Iqbal MMH (2021) Utilization of a newly developed nanomaterial based on loading of biochar with hematite for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous media. Sustainability 13(4):2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042191
Iravani S (2011) Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem 13(10):2638–2650.Doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/CIGC15386B.
Jangwan JS, Bharti, Kumar A, Kumar V (2019) Drinking water monitoring in the catchment area of River Krishni, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Appl Chem 8(2):873–883. http://www.joac.info/JournalPapers.aspx?Year=2019&VolumeNo=8&PartNo=2&type=ARCHIVE%20ISSUE.
Jayadev ET, Puttaih (2013) Studies on heavy metals contamination in Vrishabhavathi River water and ground water of the surrounding River. Int J Sci Eng Res 4:1–9
Jayashree R, Vasudevan N (2007) Organochlorine selenium from aqueous solution usinpesticide residues in ground water of Thiruvallur district, India. Environ Monit Assess carbon nanotube. Desalination and W128:209–215. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9306-6.
Jing L, Yang C, Zongshan Z (2013) Effective organochlorine pesticides removal from aqueous systems by magnetic nanospheres coated with polystyrene. J Wuhan Univ Technol 23:168–173. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0887-6.
Kadirova ZC, Katsumata K-I, Isobe T, Matsushita N, Nakajima A, Okada K (2014) Adsorption and photodegradation of methylene blue with Fe2O3-activated carbons under UV illumination in oxalate solution. J Environ Chem Eng 2:2026–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2013.07.014
Kaushik CP, Sharma HR, Kaushik A (2012) Organochlorine pesticide residues in drinking water in the rural areas of Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess 184:103–112. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1950-9.
Khedr MH, Abdel Halim KS, Soliman NK (2009) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of nano-sized iron oxides. Mater Lett 63:598–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.11.050
Khan SH, Suriyaprabha R, Pathak B, Fulekar MH (2015) Photocatalytic degradation of oragnophosphate pesticides (Chlorpyrifos) using synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle by membrane filtration reactor under UV irradiation. Front Nanosci Nanotechnol 1(1):23–27. Doi:https://doi.org/10.15761/FNN.1000105
Khetan SK, Collins TJ (2007) Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a challenge to green chemistry. Chem Rev 107(6): 2319–2364. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0204441w.
Khezami L, Modwi A, Ghiloufi I, Taha KK, Bououdina M, Eljery A, Mir LE (2019) Effect of aluminium loading on structural and morphological characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles foe heavy metal ion elimination. Environ Sci Pollut Res, pp 1–14. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07279-0.
Kitture R, Koppikar SJ, Kaul-Ghanekar R, Kale SN (2011) Catalyst efficiency, photostability and reusability study of ZnO nanoparticles in visible light for dye degradation. J Phys Chem Solids. 72:60–66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.10.090.
Kouzayha A, Rabaa AR, Iskandarani MA, Beh D, Budzinski H, Jaber F (2012) Multiresidue method for determination of 67 pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction with centrifugation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Am J Anal Chem 3:257–265. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.061.
Kumar R, Chawla J (2014) Removal of cadmium ion from water/wastewater by Nano-metal oxides: review. Water Quality Exp Health 5:215–226. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-013-0100-8.
Kumar A, Raizada P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Thakur VK, Nguyen V, Singh P (2020) C-, N-vacancies defect engineering polymeric carbon nitride meeting photocatalysis: viewpoints and challenges. J Mater Chem A. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA08384D.1-105
Lari SZ, Khan NA, Gandhi KN, Meshram TS, Thacker NP (2014) Comparison of pesticide residues in surface water and ground water of agriculture intensive areas. J Environ Health Sci Eng 12:1–7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/2052-336X-12-11.
Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander EL, Muller RN (2008) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physico chemical characterization and biological applications. Chem Rev 108(6):2064–2670. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068445e.
Lavand AB, Malghe YS (2015) Visible light photocatalytic degradation of 4-Chlorophenol using C/ZnO/CdSnanocomposites. J Saudi Chem Soc 19(5):471–478. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2015.07.001.
Le AT, Pung SY, Sreekantan S, Maatsuda A (2019) Mechanism of removal of heavy metal ions by ZnO Particles. Heliyon 5:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01440
Lee CG, Kim SB (2016) Removal of arsenic and selenium from aqueous solution using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube. Desalination and Water Treatments, pp 1–17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1185042.
Maiti M, Sarkar M, Malik MA, Xu S, Li Q, Mandal S (2018) Iron oxide nanoparticles facilitated a smart building composites for heavy-metal removal and dye degradation. ACS Omega 3:1081–1089. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01545.
Mahdavi S, Jalali M, Afkhami A (2012) Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using Fe3O4, ZnO, and CoU nanoparticles. J Nanoparticles Res 14:846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0846-0
Mahdavi S, Afkhami A, Merrikhpour H (2015) Modified ZnO nanoparticles with new modifiers for the removal of heavy metals in water. Clean Technol Environ Policy, pp 1–17.Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0898-9.
Maleki A, Moradi F, Shahmoradi B, Rezaee R, Lee S-M (2019) The photocatalytic removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions using tungsten oxide doped zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on glass substrate. J Mol Liq. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111918
Malik SN, Ghosh PC, Vaidya AN, Mudliar SN (2018) Catalytic ozone pretreatment of complex textile effluent using Fe2+ and zero valent iron nanoparticles. J Hazardous Mater 357:363–375. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.070.
Maji SK, Mukherjee N, Mondal A, Adhikary B (2012) Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Polyhedron 33:145–149. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2011.11.017.
Malato S, Blanco J, Caceres J, Fernandez-Alba AR, Aguera A, Rodriguez A 2002 () Photocatalytic treatment of water soluble pesticides by Photo- Fenton and TiO2 using solar energy. Catalysis Today 76:209–220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00220-1.
Mayo JT, Yavuz C, Yean S, Cong L, Shipley H, Yu W, Falkner J, Kan A, Tomson M, Colvin VL (2007) The effect of nanocrystalline magnetic size on arsenic removal. Sci Technol Adv Mater 8:71–75. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2006.10.005.
Muensri P, Danwittayakul S (2017M) Removal of arsenic from groundwater using nano-metal oxide adsorbent. Key Eng Mater 751:766–772. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.751.766
Navarro S, Fenoll J, Vela N, Ruiz E, Navarro G (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of eight pesticides in leaching water by use of ZnO under natural sunlight. J Hazard Mater 172:1303–1310. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.137.
Nguyen VC, Nguyen NLG, Pho QH (2015) Preparation of magnetic composite based on zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosan as a photocatalyst for removal of reactive blue 198. Adv Natural Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:1–8. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/6/3/035001.
Nurmi JT, Sarathy V, Tratnyek PG, Baer DR, Amonette JE, Karkamkar A (2011) Recovery of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles from solution: comparison of methods and their effects. J Nanopart Res 13:1937–1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-9946-x
PatchaiyappanAK, Saran S, Devipriya SP (2016) Recovery and reuse of TiO2 photocatalyst from aqueous suspension using plant based coagulant—a green approach. Korean J Chem Eng, pp 1–7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0059-9.
Quiroz MA, Bandala ER, Martinez-Huitle CA (2011) Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Removal of Pesticide from Aqueous Media. Pesticide Formulation Effects Fate. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/13597.
Rafaie HA, Nor RM, Azmina MS, Ramli NIT, Mohamed R (2017) Decoration of ZnO microstructures with Ag nanoparticles enhanced the catalytic photodegradation of methylene blue dye. J Environ Chem Eng 5:3963–72. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.070.
Raizada P, Sudhaik A, Singh P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Thakur P 2019 () Converting type II AgBr/VO into ternary Z scheme photocatalyst via coupling with phosphorus doped g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Sep Purif Technol, pp 1–51. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115692.
Raizada P, Soni V, Kumar A, Singh P, Parwaz Khan AA, Asiri AM, Thakur VK, Nguyen V-H (2020) Surface defect engineering of metal oxides photocatalyst for energy application and water treatment, J Materiom, pp 1–104. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2020.10.009.
Ramlogan R (1997) Environment and human health: a threat to all. Environ Manag Health. 8(2): 51–66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169710166548.
Rattan RK, Dutta SP, Chhonkar PK, Suribabu K, Singh AK (2005) Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater- a case study. Agric Ecosyst Environ 109:310–322. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025.
Rokesh K, Mohan SC, Karuppuchamy S, Jothivenkatachalam K (2018) Photo-assisted advanced oxidation processes for rhodamine b degradation using ZnO-Ag nanocomposite materials. J Environ Chem Eng 6(3):3610–3620. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.01.023.
Saad KAA, Amr MA, Hadi DT, Arar RS, Sulaiti MMA, Abdulmalik TA, Alsahamary NM, Kwak JC (2012) Iron oxide nanoparticles: applicability for heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Arab J Nucl Sci Appl 45(2):335–346
Sahithya K, Das N (2015) Remediation of Pesticides using Nanomaterials: An overview. Int J ChemTech Res 8:86–91
Salem IA, Salem MA, Ghobashy MA (2017) The dual role of ZnO nanoparticles for efficient capture of heavy metals and acid blue 92 from water. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.060.
Salijooqi A, Shamspur T, Mostafavi A (2020) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of porous ZnO stabilized by TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Investigation of pesticide degradation reaction in water treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res, pp 1–11. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11122-2.
Sankararamakrishna N, Sharma AK, Sanghi R (2005) Organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues in groundwater and surface waters of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Int 31:113–120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.001.
Senthilnathan J, Philip L (2009) Removal of mixed pesticides from drinking water system by Photodegradation using suspended and immobilized TiO2. J Environ Sci Health Part B Pesticides Food Contamin Agric Wastes 44(3):262–270. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230902728328.
Shankar BS, Balasubramanya N, Reddy MT (2008) Impact of industrialization on groundwater quality—a case study of Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. Environ Monit Assess. 142(1–3):263–268. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9923-8.
Sharma K, Hasija V, Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Hosseini- Bandegharaei A, Singh P (2019) Carbon quantum dots supported AgI /ZnO/phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride as Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient photodegradation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol. J Environ Chem Eng, pp 1–37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103272.
Sharma S, Dutta V, Raizada P, Hosseini‑Bandegharae A, Singh P, Nguyen V-H (2020) Tailoring cadmium sulfide‑based photocatalytic nanomaterials for water decontamination: a review. Environ Chem Lett, pp 1–36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01066-x.
Shukla G, Kumar A, Bhanti M, Joseph PE, Taneja A (2006) Organochlorine pesticide contamination of ground water in the city of Hyderabad. Environ Int. 32:244–247. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.027.
Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S (2007) Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and surface water of northern Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. Environ Monit Assess 125:147–155. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9247-0.
Singh M, Manikandan S, Kumaraguru AK (2010) Nanoparticles: a new technology with wide applications. Res J Nanosci Nanotechnol, pp 1–11. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/rjnn.2011.1.11.
P. Singh P, Shandilya P, Raizada A, Sudhaik A, Rahmani-Sani A, Bandegharaei H (2018) Review on various strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity of graphene based nanocomposites for water purification. Arab J Chem, pp 1–79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.12.001.
Somu P, Paul S (2018) Casein based biogenic-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles simultaneously decontaminates heavy metals, dyes, and pathogenic microbes: a rational strategy for wastewater treatment. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5655.
Sonu, Dutta V, Sharma S, Raizada P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Gupta VK, Singh P (2019) Review on augmentation in photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4 via heterojunction formation for photocatalysis of organic pollutants in water. J Saudi Chem Soc. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2019.07.003.
Sophocleous M (2002) Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeol Journal 10(1): 52–67. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8.
Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Thakur S, Saini RV, Saini AK, Singh P, Thakur VK, Nguyen V-H, Khan AAP, Asiri AM (2020) Synergistic photocatalytic mitigation of imidacloprid pesticide and antibacterial activity using carbon nanotube decorated phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 113(142_154):1–13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.003.
Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Singh P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, KumarThakur V, Nguyen V-H (2020) Highly effective degradation of imidacloprid by H2O2/ fullerene decorated P-doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst. J Environ Chem Eng 8(104483):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104483
Tang DP, Yuan R, Chai YQ (2006) Novel immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen based on protein a-conjugated immunosensor chip by surface plasmon resonance and cyclic voltammetry. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 28(5):315–321. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-005-0036-x.
Teja AS, Koh PY (2009) Synthesis, properties and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Prog Crystal Growth Char Mater. 55:22–45. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2008.08.003.
ThiHanh N, Tri NLM, Van Thuan D, Tung MHT, Pham DT, Minh TD, Trang HT, Mai Binh T, Nguyen MV (2019) Monocrotophos pesticide effectively removed by novel visible light driven Cu doped photo-Catalyst. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 382:111923. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111923.
Velez E, Campillo GE, Morales G, Hincapie C, Osorio J, Arnache O, Uribe JI, Jaramillo F (2016) Mercury remoal in wasterwater by iron oxide nanoparticles. J Phys Conf Ser 687:1–5. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/687/1/012050.
Wang C-T (2007) Photocatalytic activity of nanoparticle gold/iron oxide aerogels for azo dye degradation. J Non-Cryst Solids 353:1126–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.12.028
Wolfsteller A, Geyer N, Nguyen-Duc TK, Kanungo PD, Zakharov ND, Reiche M, Erfurth W, Blumtritt H, Kalem S, Werner P, Gosele U (2010) Comparison of the top-down and Bottom-up approach to fabricate nanowire-based silicon/ germanium hetero structures. Thin Solid Films. 518:2555–2561. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.08.021.
Wolf EL (2006) Nanophysics and nanotechnology: an introduction to modern concepts in nanoscience. Wiley-VCH
Xia C, Kirlikovali KO, Nguyen THC, Nguyen XC, BaTran Q, Duong MK, Dinh MTN, Nguyen DLT, Singh P, Raizada P, Nguyen V-H, Kim SY, Singh L, Nguyen CC, Shokouhimehr M, Van Le Q (2021) The emerging covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for solar-driven fuels production. Coordination Chem Rev 446:1−25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214117
Yu K, Shi J, Liang Y, Liu W (2013) Synthesis, characterization and photocatalysis of ZnO and Er-Doped ZnO. J Nanomater 75:1–5. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/372951.
Zandsalimi Y, Maleki A, Shahmoradi B, Dehestani S, Rezaee R, Mckay G (2020) Photocatalytic removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution using tungsten oxide doped zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on glass beads. Environ Technol. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1797901.
Zelmanov G, Semiat R (2008) Iron (3) oxide-based nanoparticles as catalysts in advanced organic aqueous oxidation. Water Res 42(1–2):492–498. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.045.
Zelmanov G, Semiat R (2011) Iron (Fe+3) oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles-based agglomerates suspension as adsorbent for chromium (Cr+6) removal from water and recovery. Separation Purification Technol 80:30–37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.016.
Zelmanov G, Semiat R (2011b) Phosphate removal from water and recovery using Iron (Fe+3) oxide/hydroxide nanoparticles-based agglomerates suspension (AggFe) as adsorbent. Environ Eng Manag J 10:1923–1933
Zelmanov G, Semiat R (2013) Selenium removal from water and its recovery using Iron (Fe+3) oxide/hydroxide-based nanoparticles sol (NanoFe) as an adsorbent. Sep Purif Technol 103:167–172. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.10.037.
Zhao J, Liu N, Wang W, Nan J, Zhao Z, Cui F (2016) Highly efficient removal of bivalent heavy metals from aqueous system by magnetic porous Fe3O4-MnO2. Adsorption behaviour and process study. Chem Eng J 304:737–746. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.003.
Zhu Z, Guo F, Xu Z, Di X, Zhang Q (2020) Photocatalytic degradation of an organophosphorus pesticide using a ZnO/rGO composite. RSC Adv 10, 11929–11938. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01741h.
Acknowledgements
One of the author Bharti, is grateful to Dr. J. S. Jangwan, Professsor, Department of Chemistry, SRT campus, HNBGarhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India and Dr. Vivek Kumar, Professor, CRDT, IIT Delhi, India, for their kind support.
Funding
The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests for the publication of this review paper.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Bharti, Jangwan, J.S., Kumar, S.S. et al. A review on the capability of zinc oxide and iron oxides nanomaterials, as a water decontaminating agent: adsorption and photocatalysis. Appl Water Sci 12, 46 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01566-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01566-3