Abstract
Polarization switching in lead-free (K0.40Na0.60)NbO3 (KNN) single crystals was studied by switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (SS-PFM). Acquisition of multiple hysteresis loops on a closely spaced square grid enables polarization switching parameters to be mapped in real space. Piezoresponse amplitude and phase hysteresis loops show collective symmetric/asymmetric characteristics, affording information regarding the switching behavior of different domains. As such, the out-of-plane polarization states of the domains, including amplitudes and phases can be determined. Our results could contribute to a further understanding of the relationships between polarization switching and polarization vectors at the nanoscale, and provide a feasible method to correlate the polarization hysteresis loops in a domain under an electric field with the polarization vector states.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Chanthbouala A, Crassous A, Garcia V, et al. Solid-state memories based on ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Nature Nanotech 2012, 7: 101–104.
Hoffman J, Pan X, Reiner JW, et al. Ferroelectric field effect transistors for memory applications. Adv Mater 2010, 22: 2957–2961.
Muralt P. Ferroelectric thin films for micro-sensors and actuators: A review. J Micromech Microeng 2000, 10: 136–146.
Rödel J, Webber KG, Dittmer R, et al. Transferring lead-free piezoelectric ceramics into application. J Eur Ceram Soc 2015, 35: 1659–1681.
Lang SB. Pyroelectricity: from ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool. Phys Today 2005, 58: 31–36.
Damjanovic D. Stress and frequency dependence of the direct piezoelectric effect in ferroelectric ceramics. J Appl Phys 1997, 82: 1788–1797.
Damjanovic D. Contributions to the piezoelectric effect in ferroelectric single crystals and ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2005, 88: 2663–2676.
Porokhonskyy V, Damjanovic D. Domain wall contributions in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics at morphotropic phase boundary: A study of dielectric dispersion. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96: 242902.
Zhang QM, Wang H, Kim N, et al. Direct evaluation of domain-wall and intrinsic contributions to the dielectric and piezoelectric response and their temperature dependence on lead zirconate-titanate ceramics. J Appl Phys 1994, 75: 454–459.
Li JY, Li JF, Yu Q, et al. Strain-based scanning probe microscopies for functional materials, biological structures, and electrochemical systems. J Materiomics 2015, 1: 3–21.
Li JY, Rogan RC, Üstündag E, et al. Domain switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Nat Mater 2005, 4: 776–781.
Xie SH, Gannepalli A, Chen QN, et al. High resolution quantitative piezoresponse force microscopy of BiFeO3nanofibers with dramatically enhanced sensitivity. Nanoscale 2012, 4: 408–413.
Balke N, Bdikin I, Kalinin SV, et al. Electromechanical imaging and spectroscopy of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials: State of the art and prospects for the future. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92: 1629–1647.
Hong S, Woo J, Shin H, et al. Principle of ferroelectric domain imaging using atomic force microscope. J Appl Phys 2001, 89: 1377–1386.
Hong S, Ecabart B, Colla EL, et al. Three-dimensional ferroelectric domain imaging of bulk Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 by atomic force microscopy. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84: 2382–2384.
Colla EL, Hong S, Taylor sDV, et al. Direct observation of region by region suppression of the switchable polarization (fatigue) in Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thin film capacitors with Pt electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 1998, 72: 2763–2765.
Huey BD. AFM and acoustics: Fast, quantitative nanomechanical mapping. Annu Rev Mater Res 2007, 37: 351–385.
Alexe M, Gruverman A. Nanoscale Characterisation of Ferroelectric Materials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.
Hong S. Nanoscale Phenomena in Ferroelectric Thin Films. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004.
Jesse S, Baddorf AP, Kalinin SV. Switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy of ferroelectric materials. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 88: 062908.
Jesse S, Lee HN, Kalinin SV. Quantitative mapping of switching behavior in piezoresponse force microscopy. Rev Sci Instruments 2006, 77: 073702.
Rodriguez BJ, Jesse S, Baddorf AP, et al. Spatially resolved mapping of ferroelectric switching behavior in selfassembled multiferroic nanostructures: Strain, size, and interface effects. Nanotechnology 2007, 18: 405701.
Rödel J, Jo W, Seifert KTP, et al. Perspective on the development of lead-free piezoceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92: 1153–1177.
Koruza J, Bell AJ, Frömling T, et al. Requirements for the transfer of lead-free piezoceramics into application. J Materiomics 2018, 4: 13–26.
Wu JG, Xiao DQ, Zhu JG. Potassium-sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric materials: Past, present, and future of phase boundaries. Chem Rev 2015, 115: 2559–2595.
Wang K, Malič B, Wu JG. Shifting the phase boundary: Potassium sodium niobate derivates. MRS Bull 2018, 43: 607–611.
Hu CP, Tian H, Meng XD, et al. High-quality K0.47Na0.53NbO3 single crystal toward high performance transducer. RSC Adv 2017, 7: 7003–7007.
Gannepalli A, Yablon DG, Tsou AH, et al. Mapping nanoscale elasticity and dissipation using dual frequency contact resonance AFM. Nanotechnology 2011, 22: 355705.
Kalinin SV, Rodriguez BJ, Jesse S, et al. Local biasinduced phase transitions. Mater Today 2008, 11: 16–27.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Science Challenge Project (No. TZ2018003) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51822206 and 5171101344).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecomm-ons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, MH., Hu, C., Zhou, Z. et al. Determination of polarization states in (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric crystal. J Adv Ceram 9, 204–209 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-020-0360-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-020-0360-2