Abstract
Due to the widespread use of nanocarbon materials (NCMs), more researchers are studying their tribological performances. In this work, the tribological behaviors of the following five types of NCMs with different geometric shapes were evaluated in a novel oil-in-water system: spherical fullerenes (C60, 0D), tubular multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 1D), sheet graphene oxide (GO, 2D), sheet graphene oxide derivative (Oct-O-GO, 2D), and lamellar graphite (G, 3D). Among these, GO with two types of oxidation degrees, i.e., GO(1), GO(2), and Oct-O-GO(1) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. The load-carrying capacity of the NCM emulsions were evaluated using a four-ball test machine, and the lubrication performances were investigated using a high-frequency reciprocating friction and wear tester with a sliding distance of 1,800 mm under different loads (50 N and 100 N) at 0.5 Hz. The results revealed that the Oct-O-GO(1) emulsion exhibited the best load-carrying capacity, and the best friction-reducing and anti-wear properties compared to other emulsions. Moreover, the anti-wear advantage was more prominent under high load conditions, whereas the other emulsions exhibited a certain degree of abrasive or adhesive wear. The lubrication mechanism was determined through the analysis of worn surfaces using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results revealed that during frictional sliding, the ingredients in the emulsion can absorb and react with the freshly exposed metal surface to form surface-active films to protect the surfaces from abrasion. Moreover, it was found that the higher the amount of ingredients that contain alkyl and O-H/C=O, the better was the lubrication performance in addition to an increase in the carbon residue in the tribofilm generated on the meal surface.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21703279, and 21506064), Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (No. 17ZR1442100) and the Shanghai Municipal “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” International Cooperation Project (No. 15540723600) for financial support.
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Hongmei YANG. She received her master degree in organic chemistry from East China Normal University in 2014. Then, she worked at Shanghai Runcong Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. during 2014–2015 as technical manager on lubricant technology. Currently, she is studying for a doctorate in organic chemistry from Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research fields include the synthesis and evaluation of lubricating additives, development of oil formulations, and construction of graphene oxide based Pickering emulsions and their tribological behaviors.
Jiusheng LI. He received his PhD degree in material science from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2002. Then, he worked at Lanzhou Lubricating Oil R&D Center of Petrochina as Deputy Director during 2002–2012. His current position is a professor and the director of Green Chemical Engineering Technology Centre in Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research areas cover development of lubricating additives and lubricant formulation, as well as research on lubricating mechanisms.
Xiangqiong ZENG. She received her master degree in applied chemistry in 2003 and PhD degree in material science in 2006 from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Then, she worked at Johnson & Johnson consumer group during 2006–2010 as staff scientist on skin care technology. From 2011–2015, she was appointed as a tenure track assistant professor at the University of Twente, working on skin tribology. Currently, she is a full professor at Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research interests are functional interface materials for biotribology and aqueous lubrication, including active control of friction and wear by surface and interface design of skin contacting materials and medical devices, by test methodology development with the design of instrument and bio-inspired human tissue model, and by additive and emulsion development for aqueous lubrication.
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Yang, H., Li, J. & Zeng, X. Tribological behavior of nanocarbon materials with different dimensions in aqueous systems. Friction 8, 29–46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0235-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0235-5